Site Characterization in Karst and Pseudokarst Terraines

<p>Table of Contents</p><p> </p><p>Part I – A Brief Overview of Karst and Pseudokarst</p><p> </p><p>1.  Some Common Terms</p><p>1.1  Karst</p><p>1.2  Paleokarst</p><p>1.3  Pseudokarst</p><p> </p><p>2.  The Development of Karst Conditions</p><p>2.1  Carbonates and Other Soluble Rock</p><p>2.2  Post Deposition Processes</p><p>2.3  Some Properties of Karst Rock</p><p> </p><p>3. Types of Karst Features</p><p>3.1 Sinkholes</p><p>3.2 Sinking Streams and Springs</p><p>3.3 The Epikarst Zone</p><p>3.4 Caves</p><p> </p><p>4. Karst Maturity and Development</p><p>4.1 Karst Maturity</p><p>4.2 Karst Development Time Scale</p><p> </p><p>5. Areas Affected by Karst and Pseudokarst</p><p>5.1 United States</p><p>5.2 Worldwide</p><p> </p><p>6. Karst and Its Many Benefits</p><p>6.1 Springs</p><p>6.2 Caves</p><p>6.3 Sinkholes</p><p>6.4 Karst Aquifers and Groundwater</p> Resources<p></p><p>6.5 Mineral Resources</p><p> </p><p>7. Karst and Its Damaging Impact</p><p>7.1 Structural Impacts</p><p>7.2 Ground Water Contamination</p><p>7.3 Pseudokarst Impacts (Natural and Man-Made)</p><p>                        </p><p>8. Triggering Mechanisms for Sinkholes</p><p>8.1 Statistics</p><p>8.2 Water-Related Triggering Mechanisms</p><p>8.3 A Guideline to Minimize Sinkholes Triggered by Water</p><p>8.4 Other Triggering Mechanisms</p><p>8.5 Size and Rate of Sinkhole Collapse</p><p>                        </p><p>9. Cave and Cavern Collapse</p><p>9.1 Breakdown Domes</p><p>9.2 Mechanics of Cavern Breakdown</p><p>9.3 Thickness of Rock Needed to Prevent Surface Subsidence or Collapse</p><p>9.4 Experience from Mine Failures</p><p>9.5 Propagation of Subsidence and Collapse from Great Depths</p><p> </p><p>10. Insight into the Nature of Cover Collapse Sinkholes</p><p>10.1 Introduction</p><p>10.2 Insight from Scale Model Sinkhole Tests</p><p>10.3 Insight from Mine Backfill Stabilization</p><p>10.4 Conceptual Models of Cover Collapse Sinkholes</p><p> </p><p>Part II The Strategy and Methods for Site Characterization</p><p> </p><p>11. What is Site Characterization</p><p>11.1 Introduction</p><p>11.2 Uncertainties in Site Characterization</p><p>11.3 The Technical Literature</p><p>11.4 Concepts and Strategies for Site Characterization by Others</p><p>11.5 The Site Characterization</p> Team<p></p><p>11.6 Some Pitfalls of Site Characterization</p><p>                        </p><p>12. The Strategy                    </p><p>12.1 The Detection Dilemma</p><p>12.2 Appropriate, Adequate and Accurate Data</p><p>12.3 Key Steps in the Site Characterization Process</p><p>12.4 Summary</p><p> </p><p>13. The Desk Study</p><p>13.1 What We Know and Don’t Know</p><p>13.2 Sources of Existing Information and Data</p><p>13.3 Type of Data Available</p><p>13.4 Data Mining and Review</p><p>13.5 The Preliminary Conceptual Model</p><p></p><p><br>14. Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing Data</p><p>14.1 Availability</p><p>14.2 Scale<br><br>14.3 Coverage</p><p>14.4 Aerial Photos</p><p>14.5 Beyond Black and White Aerial Photos (Other Formats and Methods)</p><p>                        <br>15. Site Walkover</p><p>15.1 The Initial Site Walkover</p><p>15.2 Importance of Observations</p><p>15.3 Some Tools for the Field</p><p>15.4 On-Site Walkovers and Off-Site Drives</p><p>15.5 Site Coverage</p><p>15.6 Observations and Mapping</p><p>15.7 Fly Over</p><p>15.8 Updating the Conceptual Model</p><p>15.9 Updating the Work Plan</p><p> </p><p>16. Surface Geophysical Methods</p><p>16.1 Introduction</p><p>16.2 A Brief History of the Surface Geophysical Methods</p>16.3 An Overview of Surface Geophysics<p></p><p>16.4 Guidelines for the Selection of the Surface Geophysical Methods</p><p>16.5 Application of Surface Geophysical Methods</p><p> </p><p>17. Invasive Methods</p><p>17.1 Introduction</p><p>17.2 Direct Push Methods</p><p>17.3 Borings</p><p>17.4 Excavations and Trenches</p><p> </p><p>18. Geophysical Logging</p><p>18.1 Introduction</p><p>18.2 Geophysical Logging Measurements</p><p>18.3 Various Applications for Geophysical Logs</p><p>18.4 Downhole, Crosshole and Tomographic Measurements</p><p>                      </p><p></p><p>19. Assessment of Larger Open Voids and Structures</p><p>19.1 A Variety of Methods</p><p>19.2 Visual Inspection</p><p>19.3 Photographic and Video Documentation</p><p>19.4 Cave Mapping Systems</p><p>19.5 Laser and Sonar System</p><p>19.6 Remotely Operated and Autonomous Vehicles for Inspections</p><p>            </p><p>20. Engineering Measurements and Monitoring</p><p>20.1 In-situ Geotechnical Measurements and Monitoring</p><p>20.2 Monitoring</p> Subsidence<p></p><p>                 </p><p>21. Hydrologic Characterization and Measurements</p><p>21.1 A Complex System</p><p>21.2 Karst is a Multiple Porosity System</p><p>21.3 Lets Revisit the Issue of Scale</p><p>21.4 Temporal Aspects</p><p>21.5 Hydrologic Measurements</p><p>21.6 Surface Water</p><p>21.7 The Unsaturated Zone</p><p>21.8 The Saturated Zone</p><p>21.9 Groundwater Contaminants</p><p>21.10 Aquitards and Barriers</p><p>       </p><p>22. Dye Tracing</p><p>22.1 Introduction</p><p>22.2 Considerations for Dye Tracing</p><p>22.3 Results and Analysis of Dye Trace Studies</p><p>22.4 Limitations of Dye Traces</p><p> </p><p>23. The Conversion of Data to Useful Information</p><p>23.1 Managing Data</p><p>23.2 An Assessment of All Data</p><p>23.3 Assembly of Data</p>23.4 Processing of Data<p></p><p>23.5 Integration of Data</p><p>23.6 The Final Interpretation and Conceptual Model</p><p>23.7 Visualization and Presentation of Data</p><p>23.8 Documentation – A Final Report</p><p> </p><p>24. Risk Assessment</p><p>24.1 Definition of Risk</p><p>24.2 Objective and Subjective Methods for Risk Assessment</p><p>24.3 Regional Risk Assessments</p><p>24.4 Site-Specific Risk Assessment</p><p>                        </p><p> Part III Case Histories</p><p> </p><p>25. The Development Of A Landfill Over An Abandoned Limestone Mine<br><br>25.1 Background</p><p>25.2 An Assessment of the CCA and the Surface Fissures</p><p>25.3 An Assessment of the Mine Conditions </p><p>25.4 A Ground Water Monitoring Plan</p><p>25.5 Subsidence Risk Assessment</p><p>25.6 The Mine Backfilling Program    </p><p>25.7 Conclusions</p><p> </p><p>26. Site Characterization along Bridge Alignment</p><p>26.1 Background</p><p>26.2 An Initial</p> Site Assessment<p></p><p>26.3 The Approach</p><p>26.4 Phase I Reconnaissance Investigation</p><p>26.5 Phase II Confirmation Phase</p><p>26.6 Phase III Detailed Investigation</p><p>26.7 Risk Assessment</p><p>26.8 Conclusions</p><p> </p><p>27. EPA Superfund Site</p><p>27.1 Background</p><p>27.2 Objectives of the Overall Investigation</p><p>27.3 Technical Approach</p><p>27.4 Site Preparation</p><p>27.5 The Desk Study</p><p>27.6 The Preliminary Conceptual Model</p><p>27.7 Shallow Geohydrologic Conditions</p><p>27.8 Deeper Geohydrologic Conditions</p><p>27.9 The Conceptual Model for the Site</p><p>27.10 Sinkhole Risk Assessment</p><p>27.11 The Ability of Geology to Support Proposed Remedy</p><p>27.12 About the Site Characterization Strategy</p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p>