Psychiatry in an Anthropological and Biomedical Context

1: Anthropological Psychiatry in Germany during the First Half of the Nineteenth Century.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.1.1. The Terms ‘Anthropology’ and ‘Anthropological’ in Medical and Psychiatric Literature (First Half of the Nineteenth Century).- 1.1.2. Anthropology — Philosophy or Empiricism?.- 1.1.3. A Note on the Traditional Situation.- 1.2. The Rise and Spread of the Anthropological Viewpoint in German Psychiatry from about 1820 to about 1845.- 1.2.1. Introduction.- 1.2.2. J. C. A. Heinroth as an Exponent of ‘Psychicism’.- 1.2.2.1. Anthropology.- 1.2.2.2. Psychiatry.- 1.2.2.3. Heinroth’s Platonism.- 1.2.3. The Standpoint of the ‘Somaticists’ (Nasse, Jacobi, Friedreich, etc.).- 1.2.4. M. Jacobi as a Representative of Psychiatric ‘Somaticism’.- 1.2.5. Reinterpretation of the Conflict between Somaticists and Psychicists.- 1.2.6. Tradition in Clinical Psychiatry despite Discontinuity of Philosophical Presuppositions. Some Reflections on the Psychiatry of L. Snell.- 2: The Mechanistic Viewpoint in Nineteenth-Century Philosophy and Science (Psychology and Physiology).- 2.1. Mechanism: Term and Concept.- 2.2. The Philosophical Background.- 2.3. Kant and the Problem of the Relationship between Philosophy and Science.- 2.4. The Significance of Kant’s Philosophy for the Mechanistic Self-Conception of Nineteenth-Century Psychology.- 2.5. The Implications of the Natural Science Self-Concept of Psychology.- 2.6. Kant and the Problem of the Possibility or Impossibility of Scientific Psychology.- 2.7. Kant’s Influence on the Rise and Development of Nineteenth-Century Scientific Psychology.- 2.8. The Role Played by Physiology in Consolidating the Mechanistic Self-Conception in Nineteenth-Century German Science.- 2.9. Mechanism in Physiology. The Positivist Variant.- 2.10. Critical Positivism and Kantian Critical Philosophy.- 2.11. The Mechanism of Helmholtz, Du Bois-Reymond, Brücke, and Ludwig.- 2.11.1. H. Helmholtz.- 2.11.2. E. Du Bois-Reymond.- 2.11.3. E. W. Brücke.- 2.11.4. C. Ludwig.- 2.12. Materialistic Mechanism (Vogt, Moleschott, and Büchner).- 2.13. Schopenhauer’s and Lotze’s Criticism of Materialism and its Relevance to the Identification of the Self-Conception of the so-called ‘Materialists’ of the Eighteen-Forties.- 2.14. Schopenhauer’s Criticism of Materialism (in the Proper Sense) and Naturalism.- 2.15. Lotze’s Criticism of Materialistic Methodology.- 2.16. Schopenhauer and Lotze.- 3: W. Griesinger and the Mechanicist Conception of Psychiatry (from about 1845 to about 1868).- 3.1. Griesinger’s ‘Apprenticeship’ (up to 1844).- 3.2. Lotze and Griesinger.- 3.3. Griesinger’s Psychiatry in the Period 1845–68.- 3.3.1. Griesinger’s Psychiatric Theory and the Mechanistic Concept of Science.- 3.3.2. The Basic Pattern of Griesinger’s ‘Philosophy’: Naturalism on the Basis of Identity Theory.- 3.4. Griesinger’s Thesis of the Identity of Mental Diseases and Diseases of the Brain.- 3.5. Griesinger and Herbart.- 3.6. Herbart’s Metaphysics and Griesinger’s ‘Empirical Standpoint’.- 3.7. Griesinger’s ‘Ego Psychology’: Assimilation of Herbartian Elements.- 3.7.1. The Ego Concept in Herbart.- 3.7.2. From Mathematical Psychology (Herbart) to Medical Psychology (Griesinger).- 3.7.2.1. Herbart’s Interpretation of the Mind—Body Relationship.- 3.7.3. The Ego in Griesinger’s Psychology. Mechanism or (Principle of) Teleology?.- 3.8. Griesinger’s Relationship to Institutional Psychiatry.- 3.8.1. Griesinger and Zeller.- 3.8.2. Zeller’s Position in Somaticist Institutional Psychiatry.- 3.8.3. Zeller and Griesinger: Opposition and Unity.- 3.9. Binswanger’s Relation to (the Tradition of) Institutional Psychiatry in General and to Griesinger in Particular.- 4: Schopenhauer, Rokitansky and Lange: Towards an Explicit Philosophical Justification of German ‘Materialism’ (from about 1840).- 4.1. Schopenhauer and Physiology.- 4.1.1. The Position of Physiology in Schopenhauer’s Classification of the Sciences.- 4.1.2. The Role of Physiology in Schopenhauer’s Philosophy.- 4.2. Some Aspects of Schopenhauer’s Theory of Knowledge.- 4.3. Rokitansky as an Exponent of Idealistic Naturalism.- 4.4. F. A. Lange (1828–75), Philosopher of Methodological Materialism.- 4.4.1. Lange’s Relationship to Psychology.- 4.4.2. Lange’s Philosophical Position.- 4.4.2.1. The ‘Standpoint of the Ideal’.- 4.4.2.2. Methodological Materialism.- 4.4.2.3. Lange’s Interpretation of Kant’s Theory of Knowledge and the Impact of Schopenhauer’s Philosophy on it.- 4.5. Conclusion.- Appendix: Main Lines in the History of Philosophy and Science Leading to ‘Classical’ Medical Anthropology and Anthropological Medicine (Psychiatry) in Germany from about 1780 to about 1820. A Philosophical and Historical Outline.- A1. The Scope of this Outline.- A2. Aristotle and the Beginnings of Anthropology.- A3. The ‘Bio-Logical’ Viewpoint in Aristotle’s Anthropology and Psychology.- A4. The Foundation of ‘Modern’ Anthropology in the Italian Renaissance.- A4.1. The Beginning of the ‘Renewal’ in Christian Humanism and Platonism.- A4.2. Aristotelian Naturalism and so-called Italian Natural Philosophy.- A5. Anthropology as the Empirical Study of Man in the Period from about 1500 to about 1660.- A5.1. The Medical School of Thought (Anatomy, Physiology).- A5.2. The ‘Psychological’ Variant in (Medical) Anthropology in Germany (Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries). Descartes as ‘Troublemaker’.- A6. Summa Ignorantiae.- Notes.- Text Notes.- Appendix Notes.- Name Index.