Oxidative Stress and Hormesis in Evolutionary Ecology and Physiology

<p>Chapter 1: Historical and Contemporary Issues of Oxidative Stress, Hormesis and Life History Evolution</p><p>1.1 The Great Oxidation Event: From a Reducing to an Oxidising World</p><p>1.2 Reactive Species, Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress</p><p>1.2.1 On the Nature of Free Radicals and of Other Reactive Species</p><p>1.2.2 Antioxidant Mechanisms</p><p>1.2.3 Oxidative Stress</p><p>1.2.4 Biochemical Integration and Modularity of Redox Systems</p><p>1.3 Hormesis</p><p>1.3.1 Historical Scenario: on the Birth, Death and Resurgence of Hormesis</p><p>1.3.2 Types of Hormesis</p><p>1.3.3 Quantitative Features of Hormesis and Problems with its Detection</p><p>1.3.4 Hormesis and Evolutionary Fitness</p><p>1.4 Life History Evolution</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 2: Early Life Hormesis and Oxidative Experiences Fine-Tune the Adult Phenotype</p><p>2.1 Early Environment and Phenotypic Development</p><p>2.2 Pre-Natal Maternal Effects: How Mothers Use Hormones to Shape their Offspring</p><p>2.2.1 Organisational Effects of Androgens: Examples from Birds</p><p>2.2.2 Stress Hormones and the Developmental Programming Hypothesis </p><p>2.3 Epigenetic and Transgenerational Hormetic Effects</p><p>2.4 Post-Natal Hormetic Priming of Organism to Withstand Stress Later in Life</p><p>2.4.1 Plants</p><p>2.4.2 Invertebrates</p><p>2.4.3 Birds</p><p>2.4.4 Mammals</p><p>2.5 The Compensatory Growth Paradigm</p><p>2.6 Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 3: Variation in Oxidative Stress Threats and Hormesis Across Environments</p><p>3.1 The Struggle of Living in Oxidising Environments</p><p>3.2 Coping with Thermal Challenges</p><p>3.2.1 Thermal Relations of Organisms with their Environments</p><p>3.2.2 The Good and the Bad of Cold and Heat Stress</p><p>3.2.3 Thermal Stress and Body Colourations</p><p>3.3 Solar Radiation: the Threat Comes from Above</p><p>3.4 Partial Pressure of Oxygen</p><p>3.4.1 Coping with Drastic Changes in Oxygen Concentration</p><p>3.4.2 The Curious Case of Symbiotic Species</p><p>3.5 Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide</p><p>3.6 Coping with Multiple Environmental Stressors</p><p>3.7 Environmentally Induced Variation in Redox State Regulation Within and Among Species</p><p>3.7.1 Invertebrates</p><p>3.7.2 Fish</p><p>3.7.3 Birds</p><p>3.8 Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 4: Nutritional Ecology, Foraging Strategies and Food Selection </p><p>4.1 The Pervasive Nature of Food in Life</p><p>4.2 The Oxidative Costs of Foraging</p><p>4.3 Food Selection: Looking for Antioxidant Rewards</p><p>4.4 Effects of Diet on Oxidant and Antioxidant Status</p><p>4.4.1 Food Quality</p><p>4.4.2 Food Restriction</p><p>4.5 Antioxidants and Nutrients as Maternal Programming Tools of Offspring Oxidative Balance</p><p>4.5.1 Dietary Antioxidants</p><p>4.5.2 Nutrients</p><p>4.6 On Nutrients, Toxins, Nutritional Hormesis, Essentiality and the Bertrand's Rule</p><p>4.7 Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 5: Coping with Physical Activity and Inactivity </p><p>5.1 Redox Biology of Physical Activity</p><p>5.2 Physical Effort, Oxidative Stress and Hormesis</p><p>5.3 Costs of Migration and Strategies to Mitigate Them</p><p>5.3.1 Long-Distance Migrations</p><p>5.3.2 Vertical Migration</p><p>5.4 Quarrelsome Families: Competition Among Siblings</p><p>5.5 Oxidative Stress Risks Through the Transitions From Dormancy to Arousal and Back </p><p>5.6 Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 6: The Costs of Makeup in Sexual Selection and Social Signalling</p><p>6.1 Visual Sexual Signalling in Males</p><p>6.1.1 Carotenoid-Dependent Secondary Sexual Traits</p><p>6.1.2 Melanin-Dependent Secondary Sexual Traits</p><p>6.1.3 Testosterone and Ornaments </p><p>6.1.4 Achromatic Morphological Sexual Signals</p><p>6.2 Visual Sexual Signalling in Females</p><p>6.2.1 Body Colourations</p><p>6.2.2 Egg Pigmentation and the Extended Phenotype</p><p>6.3 Beyond Sex: Signalling in Social Contexts</p><p>6.3.1 Signalling in Females</p><p>6.3.2 Signalling in Young</p><p>6.4 Warning Signals</p><p>6.5 Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 7: The Role of Oxidative Stress and Hormesis in Shaping Reproductive Strategies from Mating Systems to Parental Care</p><p>7.1 Reproduction is a Time of Tradeoffs</p><p>7.2 Mating Systems, Reproductive Tactics and Social Stress</p><p>7.2.1 Courtship Displays</p><p>7.2.2 The Waiting Male and The Fighting Female</p><p>7.2.3 Cooperative Breeding</p><p>7.2.4 Hierarchical Societies</p><p>7.2.5 Two Sexes, but Many Morphs</p><p>7.2.6 Polyandry and Sperm Competition</p><p>7.2.7 Socially Monogamous, but Genetically Polygamous</p><p>7.3 Male Fertility</p><p>7.4 Egg Production</p><p>7.5 Colostrum and Milk Production</p><p>7.6 Offspring Rearing Effort</p><p>7.7 Hormesis and Reproduction</p><p>7.8 Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 8: Combating Parasites: Immune Response and Inflammation</p><p>8.1 Ecoimmunology and the Arms Race</p><p>8.2 Oxidative Stress and Immune Response</p><p>8.2.1 Immune Cells as Generators of Reactive Species</p><p>8.2.2 Immune Response and Oxidative Stress In Vivo</p><p>8.2.3 Inflammation from the Parasite’s Viewpoint</p><p>8.3 Environmental Stress, Viruses Outbreaks and Oxidative Stress</p><p>8.4 Hormesis and Immunology</p><p>8.5 Glucocorticoids and Inflammation</p>8.6 Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 9: Variation Within and Among Species in Resistance to Oxidative Stress and Hormetic Responses</p><p>9.1 The Essence of Biology: Variation          </p><p>9.2 Early Life Experiences</p><p>9.3 Styles of Coping with Stressful Situations</p><p>9.4 Population Differentiation in Oxidative Stress Physiology</p><p>9.5 Oxidative Profiles in Specific Ecological Circumstances</p><p>9.5.1 Predation Risk</p><p>9.5.2 Habitat Quality</p><p>9.5.3 Daily and Seasonal Variation</p><p>9.6 Environmental, Maternal and Genetic Contributions to Oxidative Balance</p><p>9.7 Among Species Variation in Oxidative Damage and Antioxidant Defences</p><p>9.8 Among Species Variation in Hormetic Responses</p><p>9.9 Is Hormesis a Target of Natural Selection?</p><p>9.10 Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 10: Integrating Oxidative Stress and Hormesis into Research on Senescence and Survival Perspectives</p><p>10.1 The Secret Nature of Longevity</p><p>10.2 Mechanistic Hypotheses of Ageing</p><p>10.2.1 From the Rate of Living to the Oxidative Stress Hypothesis of Ageing</p><p>10.2.2 The Homeoviscous-Longevity Adaptation and the Membrane-Pacemaker Hypotheses of Ageing</p><p>10.2.3 The Uncoupling to Survive Hypothesis of Ageing</p><p>10.2.4 The Cell Senescence-Telomere Hypothesis of Ageing</p><p>10.2.5 The Redox Stress Hypothesis of Ageing          </p><p>10.3 Evolutionary Hypotheses of Ageing: Antagonistic Pleiotropy and Disposable Soma</p><p>10.4 Antioxidant Mechanisms and Longevity in a Comparative Framework</p><p>10.4.1 Correlative Evidence</p><p>10.4.2 In Vitro Evidence</p><p>10.5 Does Oxidative Stress Level Predict Survival in Wild Animals?</p><p>10.6 Hormesis Promotes Longevity</p><p>10.7 Sex Differences in Lifespan, Ageing and Hormesis</p><p>10.8 Univariate and Multivariate Systems in the Study of Ageing</p><p>10.9 Conclusions</p>References</p><p> </p><p>Index</p><p>