Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces VIII

1. Reactivity of Surfaces.- 1.1 Chemisorbed Phases—Alterations of the Substrate Bonds.- 1.2 Chemical Transformation—Alteration of the Adsorbate Bonds.- 1.3 Nonlinear Dynamics in Surface Reactions.- 1.4 Conclusion.- References.- 2. New Mechanisms for the Activation and Desorption of Molecules at Surfaces.- 2.1 Translational Activation of CH4.- 2.2 Collision Induced Dissociative Chemisorption and Collision Induced Desorption of CH4.- 2.3 New Methods for Activation: New Syntheses.- References.- 3. Photochemistry at Adsorbate-Metal Interfaces: Intra-adsorbate Bond Breaking.- 3.1 General Considerations.- 3.2 Experimental Considerations.- 3.3 Examples.- 3.3.1 Methyl Bromide on Pt{111} and Ag{111}.- 3.3.2 Oxygen on Pt{111}.- 3.3.3 Nitrogen Dioxide on NO-Covered Pd{111}.- 3.4 Prospects.- References.- 4. Desorption Induced by Electronic Transitions.- 4.1 Mechanisms of DIET.- 4.1.1 Background; Desorption of Neutrals.- 4.1.2 Positive Ions.- 4.1.3 Negative Ions.- 4.1.4 Photon Stimulated Desorption; Surface Photochemistry.- 4.1.5 Use of ESD in Surface Structure Determination: ESDIAD.- 4.2 Experimental Procedures for Positive and Negative Ion ESDIAD.- 4.3 DIET Studies of a Model System: PF3 on Ru{0001}.- 4.3.1 ESDIAD of Positive and Negative Ions: Background.- 4.3.2 DIET of PF3.- 4.3.3 Electron- and Photon-Induced Damage to PF3.- 4.4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 5. Transition Metal Clusters and Isolated Atoms in Zeolite Cages.- 5.1 Preparation of Encaged Particles.- 5.2 Thermodynamic “Driving Forces” Favoring Locations and Particle Morphology.- 5.3 Mechanisms of Metal Particle Formation.- 5.4 Identification of Isolated Atoms and Electron Deficient Particles.- 5.5 Formation of Bimetallic Particles.- 5.6 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 6. Studies of Bonding and Reaction on Metal Surfaces Using Second-Harmonic and Sum-Frequency Generation.- 6.1 Second-Harmonic Generation.- 6.1.1 Background.- 6.1.2 Theory.- 6.1.3 Experimental Methods.- 6.1.4 Experimental Results.- 6.1.5 SHG Summary.- 6.2 Sum-Frequency Generation.- 6.2.1 Introduction and Background.- 6.2.2 Theory.- 6.2.3 Experimental Methods.- 6.2.4 Experimental Results.- 6.2.5 SFG Summary.- References.- 7. Surface Physics and Chemistry in High Electric Fields.- 7.1 Electric Fields at Metal Surfaces.- 7.2 Dispersion and Polarization Forces.- 7.3 Field-Induced Chemisorption.- 7.4 Field Evaporation.- 7.5 Thermal Field Desorption.- 7.6 Field-Induced Chemistry.- 7.7 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8. Chaos in Surface Dynamics.- 8.1 Concepts in Chaos.- 8.2 Examples.- 8.2.1 The Direct Signal.- 8.2.2 Power Spectrum.- 8.2.3 Autocorrelation Functions.- 8.2.4 Poincaré Map/Surface-of-Section.- 8.2.5 Summary.- 8.3 Period Doubling.- 8.3.1 Driven Oscillator.- 8.3.2 Logistic Map.- 8.3.3 Oscillatory Surface Reactions.- 8.4 Hamiltonian Systems.- 8.4.1 Vibrational Spectroscopy.- 8.4.2 Scattering.- References.- 9. Ten Years of Low Energy Positron Diffraction.- 9.1 Low-Energy Electron Diffraction.- 9.2 The First LEPD Experiments (1979).- 9.2.1 Comparison of LEPD and LEED Cu Results.- 9.2.2 Predicted Advantages of LEPD over LEED.- 9.3 Brightness Enhancement.- 9.4 Surface Structure Determinations with Modern LEPD: CdSe{1010} and CdSe{1120}.- 9.4.1 Relaxation Models.- 9.4.2 I-V Profile Measurements.- 9.4.3 Structure Analysis.- 9.4.4 Differences Between LEED and LEPD Structural Determinations.- 9.5 Positron Diffraction at Very Low Energy.- 9.5.1 Threshold Effects in LEPD from NaF and LiF.- 9.5.2 Lowest Order LEPD Bragg Peak and the Darwin Top Hat.- 9.6 Conclusions.- References.- 10. Time-of-Flight Scattering and Recoiling Spectrometry (TOF-SARS) for Surface Analysis.- 10.1 Historical Review.- 10.2 Experimental Method.- 10.2.1 TOF-SARS Spectrometer.- 10.2.2 Comparison to Rutherford Backscattering (RBS).- 10.3 Examples of Experimental Results.- 10.3.1 TOF Spectra.- 10.3.2 Comparison of TOF-SARS to LEED and AES.- 10.3.3 Structure Analysis.- 10.3.4 Monitoring Sputtering Induced Damage.- 10.3.5 Surface Semichanneling.- 10.3.6 Ion Fractions.- 10.3.7 Ion Induced Auger Electron Spectra.- 10.4 Summary.- References.- 11. Scanning Electron Microscopy with Polarization Analysis: Studies of Magnetic Microstructure.- 11.1 Spin Polarization of Secondary Electrons.- 11.2 Experimental.- 11.2.1 Electron Microscope and Specimen Chamber.- 11.2.2 Transport Optics and Polarization Analyzers.- 11.2.3 Image Processing.- 11.3 SEMPA Measurement Examples.- 11.3.1 Iron Crystals.- 11.3.2 Cobalt Crystals.- 11.3.3 Ferromagnetic Metallic Glasses.- 11.3.4 Domain Walls.- 11.3.5 Magnetic Storage Media.- 11.4 Summary and Future Directions.- References.- 12. Low Energy Electron Microscopy.- 12.1 Fundamentals of LEEM.- 12.1.1 Resolution and Intensity Transmission.- 12.1.2 Intensity.- 12.1.3 Contrast.- 12.1.4 Instrumental Aspects.- 12.2 LEEM Studies of Clean Surfaces.- 12.3 LEEM Studies of Surface Layers.- 12.4 Outlook.- 12.5 Summary.- References.- 13. Atomic Scale Surface Characterization with Photoemission of Adsorbed Xenon (PAX).- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Principles of the PAX-Technique.- 13.2.1 Photoemission Spectra of Adsorbed Xe.- 13.2.2 The D ?-Model.- 13.2.3 Further Experimental Evidence for the D ?-Model.- 13.2.4 The “Local Work Function” Concept.- 13.2.5 Methodological Aspects.- 13.3 Selected Case Studies of Metallic Surfaces.- 13.3.1 Surface Steps: Vicinal Surfaces.- 13.3.2 Metallic Ruthenium Powder.- 13.3.3 Initial Stages of Film Growth: Bimetallic Surfaces.- 13.3.4 Bimetallic Cu/Ru Powder Catalyst.- 13.3.5 Thermal Stability of Metal/Metal Interfaces.- 13.4 Summary and Implications.- References.- 14. Theoretical Aspects of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.- 14.1 General Tunneling Theory.- 14.1.1 Non-perturbative Treatment.- 14.1.2 Tunneling-Hamiltonian Treatment.- 14.1.3 Modeling the Tip.- 14.2 STM Images and their Interpretation.- 14.2.1 Modes of Imaging.- 14.2.2 Imaging of Metals.- 14.2.3 Imaging of Semiconductors.- 14.2.4 Imaging Band-Edge States.- 14.3 Spectroscopy.- 14.3.1 Qualitative Theory.- 14.3.2 Quantitative Theory.- 14.4 Mechanical Interactions Between Tip and Sample.- 14.5 Conclusion.- References.- 15. Proximal Probes: Techniques for Measuring at the Nanometer Scale.- 15.1 Proximal Probes.- 15.1.1 Tunneling.- 15.1.2 Field Emission.- 15.1.3 Force.- 15.1.4 Near-Field.- 15.2 Nanoscale Fabrication Using Proximal Probes.- 15.3 Conclusion.- References.- 16. Studying Surface Chemistry Atom-by-Atom Using the Scanning Tunneling Microscope.- 16.1 Topography and Spectroscopy with the STM.- 16.2 Imaging Semiconductor Surface Chemistry Atom-by-Atom Using the STM.- 16.3 The Structure of the Si{111}-7 × 7 Surface.- 16.4 Site-Selective Reactions of Si{111}-7 × 7.- 16.5 Molecular Adsorption on Si{111}-7 × 7.- 16.6 Reactions That Involve Extensive Atomic Rearrangements.- 16.7 Doping Effects on Silicon Surface Chemistry.- 16.8 Conclusions and Prospects for the Future.- References.- 17. Bonding and Structure on Semiconductor Surfaces.- 17.1 Basic Mechanism Driving Surface Reconstruction.- 17.2 The Geometric and Electronic Structures of GaAs{110}.- 17.3 The GaAs{111}(2 × 2) Surface Reconstruction.- 17.4 Structure of the Si{111}7 × 7 Surface.- 17.5 The Ge{111} c(2 × 8) Reconstruction.- 17.6 Summary.- References.- 18. Tribology at the Atomic Scale.- 18.1 Concepts in Classical Tribology.- 18.2 Experimental Approaches.- 18.2.1 Surface Force Apparatus.- 18.2.2 Single Asperity Techniques.- 18.3 Theoretical Descriptions of Tribology.- 18.3.1 Simplified Model of Wearless Friction.- 18.3.2 Molecular Dynamics Studies of Shearing Solids.- 18.3.3 Molecular Dynamics Studies of Thin Fluid Flow.- 18.4 Summary and Future Directions.- References.- of Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces IV (Springer Series in Chemical Physics, Vol. 20).- of Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces V (Springer Series in Chemical Physics, Vol. 35).- of Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces VI (Springer Series in Surface Sciences, Vol. 5).- of Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces VII (Springer Series in Surface Sciences, Vol. 10).