Sieve Elements

1 Algae.- 1.1 Requirement for Medium-Distance and Long-Distance Transport in Algae.- 1.2 Medium-Distance Transport.- 1.3 Long-Distance Transport.- 1.4 Conducting Cells of Red Algae.- 1.5 Conducting Cells in Brown Algae.- 1.5.1 General Remarks.- 1.5.2 Conducting Cells in Dictyotales, Scytosiphonales, Desmarestiales and Fucales.- 1.5.3 Sieve Elements in Laminariales.- 2 Mosses.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.1.1 Overview.- 2.1.2 Terminology.- 2.2 General Organization of Conducting Tissues in Mosses.- 2.2.1 The Gametophyte.- 2.2.2 The Sporophyte.- 2.3 Structure of Sieve Elements.- 2.3.1 General Features of Moss Sieve Elements.- 2.3.2 Differentiating and Mature Sieve Elements.- 2.4 Associated Parenchyma.- 3 Seedless Vascular Plants.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The Sieve-Element Protoplast.- 3.2.1 Nucleus.- 3.2.2 Endoplastic Reticulum.- 3.2.3 Plastids and Mitochondria.- 3.2.4 Dictyosomes.- 3.2.5 Mierotubules and Microfilaments.- 3.2.6 Plasmalemma and Tonoplast.- 3.2.7 Refractive Spherules.- 3.3 The Wall.- 3.4 The Sieve Areas.- 3.5 Parenchymatous Cells Associated with the Sieve Elements.- 3.6 Longevity of the Sieve Elements.- 3.7 Comments on Terminology.- 4 Conifers.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 General Description.- 4.2.1 Primary and Secondary Phloem.- 4.2.2 Shape and Size of Sieve Cells.- 4.3 Development of the Sieve Cell.- 4.3.1 The Nucleus.- 4.3.2 Plastids.- 4.3.3 Mitochondria.- 4.3.4 Dictyosomes.- 4.3.5 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes.- 4.3.6 Vacuole and Ground Plasm.- 4.3.7 Structural Proteins.- 4.3.8 The Wall.- 4.3.9 Intercellular Communication.- 4.4 Strasburger Cells.- 5 Cycads and Gnetophytes.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Cycads.- 5.2.1 Organization and Composition of the Phloem.- 5.2.2 Ultrastructure of the Sieve Elements.- 5.2.3 Parenchymatous Cells Associated with the Sieve Elements.- 5.3 Gnetophytes.- 5.3.1 Organization and Composition of the Phloem.- 5.3.2 Ontogeny and Structure of the Mature Sieve element.- 5.3.3 Parenchymatous Cells Associated with the Sieve Elements.- 6 Dicotyledons.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The Sieve-Tube Member Protoplast.- 6.2.1 Nucleus.- 6.2.2 Endoplasmic Reticulum.- 6.2.3 Plastids and Mitochondria.- 6.2.4 Dictyosomes.- 6.2.5 Microtubules and Microfilaments.- 6.2.6 Plasmalemma and Tonoplast.- 6.2.7 P-Protein.- 6.3 The Wall.- 6.4 The Sieve Plate.- 6.5 The Lateral Sieve Areas.- 6.6 Parenchymatous Cells Associated with Sieve-Tube Members.- 6.7 Longevity of Sieve-Tube Members.- 7 Monocotyledons.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Ontogeny.- 7.3 The Protoplast.- 7.3.1 Nucleus.- 7.3.2 Plastids.- 7.3.3 Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria.- 7.3.4 Microtubules and Dictyosomes.- 7.3.5 P-Protein.- 7.3.6 Vacuoles and Tonoplast.- 7.4 Cell Wall.- 7.5 Thick-Walled Sieve Elements.- 7.6 Sieve Plates.- 8 Sieve Elements in Internodal and Nodal Anastomoses of the Monocotyledon Liana Dioscorea.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The Vascular Construction in the Aerial Stem of Dioscorea.- 8.3 The Specific Composition of Phloem Anastomoses.- 8.4 Ultrastructure of the Sieve Elements of Anastomoses.- 8.4.1 Connecting Sieve-Tube Members (CST).- 8.4.2 Anastomosai Sieve-Tube Members (ANSI).- 8.4.3 Anastomosai Sieve Elements (ANSE).- 8.5 Parenchymatous Cells Associated with the Sieve Elements of Anastomoses.- 8.6 Some Physiological Implications of Nodal Anastomoses.- 9 Sieve Elements in Plant Tissue Cultures: Development, Freeze-Fracture, and Isolation.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Phloem Function in Vitro.- 9.3 Phloem Development in Callus Tissues.- 9.4 P-Protein, Callus Phloem and Wounding.- 9.5 Freeze-Fracture Studies Using Callus Sieve Elements.- 9.6 Sieve-Area Pores.- 9.7 The Sieve-Element Reticulum (SER).- 9.8 Isolation and Partial Purification of Callus Sieve Elements.- 9.9 Antibody Formation Against Callus Sieve Elements.- 10 Wound-Sieve Elements.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Tissue Changes During Wound-Phloem Development.- 10.2.1 Tissue of Origin.- 10.2.2 Developmental Pattern of Wound Phloem.- 10.2.3 Size and Shape of Wound-Sieve Elements.- 10.3 Cytoplasm of Wound-Sieve Elements.- 10.3.1 Nucleus and Vacuole.- 10.3.2 Sieve-Element Plastids.- 10.3.3 Mitochondria and Dictyosomes.- 10.3.4 Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes.- 10.3.5 P-Protein and Microtubules.- 10.4 Symplastic Connections of Wound-Sieve Elements.- 10.4.1 Connections Between Sieve Elements.- 10.4.2 Connections from Sieve Elements to Other Cell Types.- 10.5 Companion Cells.- 10.6 Comparison Between Wound-and Bundle-Sieve Elements.- 11 Sieve Elements of Graft Unions.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Grafting Procedure.- 11.3 Histology and Cytology of the Graft Union.- 11.3.1 General Aspects of Development.- 11.3.2 Sieve-Element Contact at the Graft Interface.- 11.4 Function of Phloem Connections in Graft Unions.- 11.5 Questions Concerning the Mechanism of Sieve-Element Formation in Graft Unions.- 12 Sieve Elements in Haustoria of Parasitic Angiosperms.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Phloem in the Haustorium of Cuscuta.- 12.3 Development of Haustorial Sieve Elements.- 12.4 The Contact Hypha of Cuscuta.- 12.5 Phloem in the Haustoria of Different Parasitic Plants.- 12.6 Comparative Aspects.- 13 Phloem Proteins.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 P-Protein.- 13.2.1 Distribution.- 13.2.2 Morphology.- 13.2.3 Filamentous (Fibrillar) P-Proteins.- 13.2.4 Tubular P-Protein.- 13.2.5 Crystalline P-Proteins.- 13.2.6 P-Protein Bodies and Their Formation.- 13.2.7 Dispersal of P-Protein Bodies.- 13.2.8 P-Protein in Mature Sieve Elements.- 13.2.9 P-Protein in Sieve-Plate Pores.- 13.3 Other Phloem-Specific Proteins.- 13.3.1 Nuclear Inclusions.- 13.3.2 Plastid Inclusions.- 13.3.3 Refractive Spherules and Other Vesicles.- 13.3.4 Proteins Associated with the Endoplasmic Reticulum.- 13.4 Biochemistry of Phloem Proteins.- 13.4.1 Isolation and Chemical Properties.- 13.4.2 Lectin Properties of Phloem-Specific Proteins.- 13.4.3 Comparative Aspects.- 14 Phloem Evolution: An Appraisal Based on the Fossil Record.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.1.1 Phloem Phylogeny — Background.- 14.2 Phloem of Vascular Cryptogams.- 14.3 Gymnosperm Phloem.- 14.4 Conclusions — Phloem Phylogeny.