Atlas of Antarctica

(I) Motivation and Methods.- (A) The Antarctic Ice Sheet and its Role in the Global System.- (A.1) Main Geographic and Glaciologic Provinces of Antarctica.- (A.2) Climatic Change, Sea-Level Rise, and Changes in the Cryosphere.- (A.3) Modeling Versus Measuring.- (B) Satellite Remote Sensing.- (B.1) An Overview of Ice Sheet Observations by Satellite.- (B.2) Satellite Radar Altimetry.- (B.2.1) Satellite Missions with Radar Altimeter Observations.- (B.2.1.1) SEASAT.- (B.2.1.2) GEOSAT.- (B.2.1.3) ERS-1 and ERS-2.- (B.2.1.4) Other Missions with Altimeters, and Related Missions.- (B.2.2) Mission Types: Exact Repeat Missions and Geodetic Missions.- (B.2.3) Radar Measurement Principles.- (B.3) Analysis of Satellite Radar Altimeter Data over Ice Sheets and Glaciers.- (B.3.1) Problems and Methods of Mapping Ice Surface Elevation.- (B.3.2) Derivation of Ice Surface Roughness and Morphology.- (C) Data Analysis Methods Applied in the Antarctic Atlas.- (C.0) Introduction.- (C.1) Corrections of Radar Altimeter Data.- (C.1.1) Corrections Applied to Satellite Radar Altimeter Data for Ice Surface Mapping.- (C.1.2) The Bad-Track Problem.- (C.1.3) The Need for Interpolation of Geophysical Line Survey Data.- (C.2) Map Projection and Atlas Mapping.- (C.2.1) The UTM Projection.- (C.2.2) The Atlas Mapping Problem.- (C.2.3) The Solution: The Antarctic Atlas Mapping Scheme.- (C.2.4) Map Sheet Calculation with TRANSVIEW.- (C.3) Geostatistical Estimation.- (C.3.1) Concept of the Regionalized Variable and Principles of Variography.- (C.3.2) Kriging.- (C.3.3) Variography for Satellite Radar Altimeter Data over Antarctic Ice Surfaces.- (C.3.4) Application: Search Algorithm and Kriging Parameters for Antarctic Atlas DTMs. Mapping Parameters.- (C.3.4.1) Search Routine for Geophysical Line Survey Data and Software.- (C.3.4.2) Grid Spacing.- (C.3.4.3) Mapping Parameters: Contouring and Coloring Scheme.- (C.3.5) Error Analysis.- (C.3.6) Influence of the Radar Altimeter Sensor Compared to Influence of the Variogram in Kriging for GEOSAT and ERS-1 Data.- (C.4) The Role of the Geodetic Reference Surface.- (C.4.1) Ellipsoid and Geoid Concepts.- (C.4.2) Mapping of Ice Surfaces with Reference to Geoid Models.- (II) The Atlas.- (D) Atlas Maps.- (D.0) Map Organization and Description Principles.- (D.1) Latitude Row 63-68° S: Maps from GEOSAT and ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data.- Map m45e37-53n63-68 Casey Bay.- Map m57e49-65n63-68 Napier Mountains.- Map m69e61-77n63-68 Mawson Coast East.- Map m81e73-89n63-68 Leopold and Astrid Coast.- Map m93e85-101n63-68 Queen Mary Coast.- Map m105e97-113n63-68 Knox Coast.- Map m117e109-125n63-68 Sabrina Coast.- Map m129e121-137n63-68 Clarie Coast.- Map m141e133-149n63-68 AdéLelie Coast.- Map m153e145-161n63-68 Ninnis Glacier Tongue.- Map m297e289-305n63-68 Antarctic Peninsula (Graham Land).- (D.2) Latitude Row 67-72.1° S: Maps from GEOSAT and ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data.- Map m15we23W-7Wn67-721 EkströNom Ice Shelf.- Map m3we11w-5n67-721 Fimbul Ice Shelf.- Map m9e1-17n67-721 Princess Astrid Coast.- Map m21e13-29n67-721 Erskine Iceport.- Map m33e25-41n67-721 Riiser-Larsen Peninsula.- Map m45e37-53n67-721 Prince Olav Coast.- Map m57e49-65n67-721 Kemp Coast.- Map m69e61-77n67-721 Lambert Glacier.- Map m81e73-89n67-721 Ingrid Christensen Coast.- Map m93e85-101n67-721 Wilkes Land (e85-101n67-721).- Map m105e97-113n67-721 Wilkes Land (e97-113n67-721).- Map m117e109-125n67-721 Wilkes Land (e109-125n67-721).- Map m129e121-137n67-721 Wilkes Land (e121-137n67-721).- Map m141e133-149n67-721 Wilkes Land (e133-149n67-721).- Map m153e145-161n67-721 Cook Ice Shelf.- Map m165e157-173n67-721 Pennell Coast.- Map m292e284-300n67-721 Antarctic Peninsula (Palmer Land).- (D.3) Latitude Row 71-77°S: Maps from ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data.- Map m333e315-351n71-77 Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf.- Map m357e339-15n71-77 New Schwabenland.- Map m21e3-39n71-77 Sør Rondane Mountains.- Map m45e27-63n71-77 Belgica Mountains.- Map m69e51-87n71-77 Upper Lambert Glacier.- Map m93e75-111n71-77 American Highland.- Map m117e99-135n71-77 Dome Charlie.- Map m141e123-159n71-77 Southern Wilkes Land (e123–159).- Map m165e147-183n71-77 Victoria Land.- Map m213e195-231n71-77 Ruppert Coast.- Map m237e219-255n71-77 Bakutis Coast.- Map m261e243-279n71-77 Walgreen Coast.- Map m285e267-303n71-77 Ellsworth Land.- Map m309e291-327n71-77 Black Coast.- (D.4) Latitude Row 75-80°S: Maps from ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data.- Map m333e315-351n75-80 Coats Land.- Map m357e339-15n75-80 Western Queen Maud Land (North).- Map m21e3-39n75-80 Central Queen Maud Land (North).- Map m45e27-63n75-80 Valkyrie Dome.- Map m69e51-87n75-80 South of Lambert Glacier.- Map m93e75-111n75-80 East Antarctica (Sovetskaya).- Map m117e99-135n75-80 East Antarctica (Vostok).- Map m141e123-159n75-80 East Antarctica (Mt. Longhurst).- Map m165e147-183n75-80 Scott Coast.- Map m189e171-207n75-80 Roosevelt Island.- Map m213e195-231n75-80 Saunders Coast.- Map m237e219-255n75-80 Northern Marie Byrd Land.- Map m261e243-279n75-80 Northern Hollick-Kenyon Plateau.- Map m285e267-303n75-80 Zumberge Coast.- Map m309e291-327n75-80 Ronne Ice Shelf.- (D.5) Latitude Row 78-81.5°S: Maps from ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data.- Map m333e315-351n78-815 Filchner Ice Shelf.- Map m357e339-15n78-815 Western Queen Maud Land (South).- Map m21e3-39n78-815 Central Queen Maud Land (South).- Map m45e27-63n78-815 Eastern Queen Maud Land (South).- Map m69e51-87n78-815 Dome Argus.- Map m93e75-111n78-815 East Antarctica (e75-111n78-815).- Map m117e99-135n78-815 East Antarctica (e99-135n78-815).- Map m141e123-159n78-815 Byrd Glacier.- Map m165e147-183n78-815 Hillary Coast.- Map m189e171-207n78-815 Ross Ice Shelf.- Map m237e219-255n78-815 Southern Marie Byrd Land.- Map m261e243-279n78-815 Southern Hollick-Kenyon Plateau.- Map m285e267-303n78-815 Ellsworth Mountains.- Map m309e291-327n78-815 Berkner Island.- (III) Applications.- (E) Monitoring Changes in Antarctic Ice Surface Topography: The Example of the Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf System.- (E.1) The Problem of Monitoring Changes.- (E.2) Time Series of Digital Terrain Models and Maps.- (E.3) Altimeter Data: Acquisition and Corrections.- (E.4) Visual Comparison — Quantitative Comparison.- (E.5) Calculation of Elevation Changes.- (E.6) Discussion of Results on Elevation Changes.- (E.6.1) Results of the Monitoring Study.- (E.6.2) Comparison with Other Maps of Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf.- (E.7) On the Potential Existence of Surge Glaciers in the Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf System.- (E.7.1) Introduction to the Surge Phenomenon and Relationship to Results of the Monitoring Study.- (E.7.2) Discussion of the Surge Hypothesis in the Glaciologic Literature.- (F) Detailed Studies of Selected Antarctic Outlet Glaciers and Ice Shelves.- (F.0) Introduction.- (F.1) Detail Map 1: Slessor Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995).- (F.2) Detail Map 2: Stancomb-Wills Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995).- (F.3) Detail Map 3: Jutulstraumen Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995).- (F.4) Detail Map 4: Shirase Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995).- (F.5) Detail Map 5: Lambert Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995).- (F.6) Detail Map 6: West Ice Shelf (ERS-1 Data 1995).- (F.7) Detail Map 7: Denman Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995).- (F.8) Detail Map 8: Vanderford Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995).- (F.9) Detail Map 9: Totten Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995).- (F.10) Detail Maps 10: Mertz Glacier, 11: Ninnis Glacier, and 12: Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers (GEOSAT Data 1985–86).- (F.11) Detail Map 13: Rennick Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995).- (F.12) Detail Map 14: David Glacier/Drygalski Ice Tongue (ERS-1 Data 1995).- (F.13) Detail Map 15: Thwaites Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995).- (F.14) Detail Map 16: Pine Island Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995).- (G) Combination of SAR and Radar Altimeter Data: Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf.- (IV) References and Appendix.- (H) References.- (I) Appendix.- (I.1) Glaciological Glossary.- (I.2) Index of Place Names.- (I.3) Antarctic Expeditions.- (I.3.1) Early Seagoing Expeditions.- (I.3.2) Expeditions to the Antarctic Continent.- (I.3.3) Antarctic Expeditions after the International Geophysical Year.