1. Introduction.- 1.1 General Remarks.- 1.2 Infrared Spectroscopy.- 1.3 Raman Spectroscopy.- 1.4 Brillouin Spectroscopy.- 1.5 Interactions of X-Rays with Phonons.- 1.6 Inelastic Neutron Scattering.- 1.7 Other Techniques.- 2. Infrared Spectroscopy.- 2.1 Experimental Techniques.- 2.1.1 Grating Spectrometers.- 2.1.2 Fourier Interferometers.- 2.2 Dielectric Properties: Classical Treatment.- 2.2.1 Reflectivity, Transmission, Absorptivity and Optical Constants.- 2.2.2 Examples of Reflectivity and Transmission Spectra.- 2.2.3 Evaluation of ?(?) from a Kramers-Kronig Analysis of the Reflectivity.- 2.2.4 Direct Determination of ?(?) from Experimental Data.- 2.2.5 ?(?) from a Model Fit to the Observed Reflectivity.- 2.2.6 Kramers-Kronig Relations and Sum Rules.- 2.2.7 Polaritons and Propagation of Light in Crystals.- 2.3 Quantum-Mechanical Treatment of the Dielectric Constant.- 2.3.1 Qualitative Discussion.- 2.3.2 Relation Between ?2(?) and Transition Probabilities.- 2.3.3 Interaction of a Charged Oscillating Particle with the Radiation Field.- 2.3.4 Quantum Mechanical Formulation of the Dipole Moment of the Crystal.- 2.3.5 One-Phonon Absorption.- 2.3.6 Two-Phonon Processes Due to the Second-Order Dipole Moment Mechanism.- 2.3.7 Two-Phonon Processes Due to Anharmonic Coupling.- 2.4 Problems.- 2.4.1 Dielectric Constant of Diatomic Cubic Crystals.- 2.4.2 Conductivity Sum Rule for Lattice Vibrations.- 2.4.3 Second-Order Dipole Moment.- 3. Raman Spectroscopy.- 3.1 Experimental Techniques.- 3.1.1 Raman-Scattering Apparatus.- 3.1.2 Scattering Configurations.- 3.2 Classical Theory.- 3.2.1 Basic Model.- 3.2.2 The Polarizability Tensor.- 3.2.3 Raman Active and Raman Inactive Modes: Simple Molecules.- 3.2.4 Raman Active and Raman Inactive Modes: Simple Crystals.- 3.3 Quantum Theory.- 3.3.1 Qualitative Discussion.- 3.3.2 The Intensity of the Scattered Light.- 3.3.3 Placzek’s Approximation.- 3.3.4 Raman Intensities Based on Placzek’s Theory.- 3.3.5 Raman Scattering by Phonon-Polaritons.- 3.4 Problems.- 3.4.1 Polarizability ?(R) of Diatomic Molecules.- 3.4.2 Decomposition of the Scattering Tensor into Its Isotropic, Symmetric, and Antisymmetric Parts.- 3.4.3 Scattering by a Charged Oscillating Particle.- 4. Brillouin Spectroscopy.- 4.1 Experimental Techniques.- 4.2 Kinematics and Origin of Brillouin Scattering.- 4.3 Strain Dependence of Dielectric Constant.- 4.4 Intensities of Brillouin Components.- 4.5 Problems.- 4.5.1 Doppler Effect and Brillouin Frequency Shifts.- 4.5.2 Strain Dependence of ?? Under the Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure for Alkali Halides.- 4.5.3 Brillouin Intensities for Isotropic Solids and Liquids.- 5. Interaction of X-Rays with Phonons.- 5.1 The Static Approximation.- 5.2 Experimental Technique.- 5.3 Interaction Mechanism.- 5.4 Scattering by a Perfectly Ordered Crystal.- 5.5 Thermal Diffuse Scattering for a Bravais Crystal.- 5.6 Thermal Scattering for a Crystal with Basis.- 5.7 The Debye-Waller Factor.- 5.8 Problems.- 5.8.1 Compton Scattering.- 5.8.2 Atomic Scattering Factor.- 5.8.3 Debye-Waller Factor for a Cubic Bravais Crystal.- 5.8.4 Correlation Function.- 6. Inelastic Neutron Scattering.- 6.1 Basic Properties.- 6.1.1 Cross Section.- 6.1.2 Coherent and Incoherent Scattering.- 6.2 Phonon Dispersion-Relation Measurements.- 6.2.1 Coherent Scattering Cross Section.- 6.2.2 Selection Rules.- 6.2.3 Experimental: Triple Axis Spectrometer.- 6.2.4 Examples.- 6.3 Phonon Density of States Measurements.- 6.3.1 Incoherent Scattering Cross Section.- 6.3.2 Examples.- 7. Other Techniques.- 7.1 Ultrasonic Methods.- 7.1.1 Experimental Techniques.- 7.1.2 Ultrasonic Attenuation Due to Phonon-Phonon Interactions.- 7.2 Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy.- 7.2.1 Experimental Techniques.- 7.2.2 The Inelastic Electron Current.- 7.2.3 Some Selected Examples of IETS.- 7.3 Point Contact Spectroscopy.- 7.3.1 Experimental Techniques.- 7.3.2 Qualitative Discussion of Point-Contact Spectra.- 7.4 Spectroscopy of Surface Phonons, Thin Films and Adsorbates.- 7.4.1 Acoustical and Optical Surface Phonons.- 7.4.2 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy.- 7.4.3 Inelastic Molecular Beam Scattering.- 7.4.4 Optical Studies of Surface Modes.- 7.4.5 Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy.- Appendices.- A. Michelson Interferometer.- B. Classical Optics.- B.1 Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Lattice Vibrations.- B.2 Reflection at a Surface of an Infinitely Thick Medium.- B.4 Determination of Optical Constants from Reflectivity Measurements Using Polarized Light at Non-Normal Incidence.- C. Second-Order Dipole Moment.- E. Power Spectrum.- F. Placzek’s Approximation.- F.1 Perturbed Wavefunction.- F.2 Placzek’s Approximation.- G. The Laue Interference Function.- H. Thermal Diffuse Scattering of X-Rays.- H.2 The Evaluation of the Scattered Intensity.- H.3 The Debye-Waller Factor.- H.4 The Correlation Function.- I. Constants and Units.- References.- Errata of Phonons: Theory and Experiments I (SSS, Vol.34).
