Introduction to Fluorescence Sensing

<p>Chapter 1. Introduction</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 2. Basic principles</p><p> </p><p>2.1. Overview of strategies in molecular sensing</p><p>2.2. Labeled targets in fluorescence assays</p><p>2.3. Competitor displacement assays</p><p>2.4. Sandwich assays</p><p>2.5. Catalytic biosensors</p><p>2.6. Direct reagent-independent sensing</p><p>Sensing and thinking: How to make the best sensor? Comparison of basic principles</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 3. Theoretical aspects</p><p> </p><p>3.1. Parameters that need to be optimized in every sensor</p><p>3.2. Determination of binding constants</p><p>3.3. Modeling the ligand binding isotherm</p><p>3.4. Kinetics of target binding</p><p>3.5. Formats for fluorescence detection</p><p>Sensing and thinking: How to provide the quantitative measure of target binding?</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 4. Fluorescence detection techniques</p><p> </p><p>4.1. Fluorescence fundamentals</p><p>4.2. Intensity-based sensing</p><p>4.3. Anisotropy-based sensing and polarization assays</p><p>4.4. Lifetime-based fluorescence response</p><p>4.5. Excimer and exciplex formation</p><p>4.6. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)</p><p>4.7. Wavelength-shift sensing</p><p>4.8. Two-band wavelength-ratiometric sensing with a single dye</p><p>Sensing and thinking: The optimal choice of fluorescence detection technique </p><p> </p><p>Chapter 5. Molecular-size fluorescence emitters</p><p> </p><p>5.1. Fluorophores and their characteristics</p><p>5.2. Organic dyes as labels and tags</p><p>5.3. Organic dyes as fluorescence reporters</p><p>5.4. Visible fluorescent proteins</p><p>5.5. Luminescent metal complexes</p><p>5.6. Few-atom clusters of noble metals</p><p>Sensing and thinking: Which molecular reporter to choose for particular needs?</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 6. Nanoscale fluorescence emitters</p><p> </p><p>6.1. Introduction to light emitting nano-world</p><p>6.2. Dye-doped nanoparticles and dendrimers</p><p>6.3. Conjugated polymers</p><p>6.4. Fluorescent carbon nanostructures </p><p>6.5. Semiconductor quantum dots</p><p>6.6. Up-converting nanocrystals</p><p>Sensing and thinking: Nanoscale emitters, what are the advantages?</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 7. Fluorescent nanocomposites</p><p> </p><p>7.1. Fluorescence enhancement and quenching in nanocomposites</p><p>7.2. Modulation of emission parameters in multi-fluorophore systems </p><p>7.3. Optical choice of FRET donors and acceptors</p><p>7.4. Wavelength referencing, multiplexing and multicolor coding</p><p>7.5. Combining fluorescence with magnetic, NMR enhancing and other functionalities</p><p>Sensing and thinking: Achieving multitude of functions in designed nanocomposites</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 8. Recognition units</p><p> </p><p>8.1. Multivalency: the principle of molecular recognition</p><p>8.2. Recognition units built of small molecules</p><p>8.3. Antibodies and their recombinant fragments</p><p>8.4. Ligand-binding proteins and protein-based display scaffolds</p><p>8.5. Designed and randomly synthesized peptides</p><p>8.6. Nucleic acid aptamers</p><p>8.7. Peptide nucleic acids</p><p>8.8. Molecularly imprinted polymers</p><p>Sensing and thinking: Selecting the tools for optimal target recognition</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 9. Mechanisms of signal transduction</p><p> </p><p>9.1. General principles of signal transduction</p><p>9.2. Basic signal transduction mechanisms: electron, charge and proton transfer</p><p>9.3. Signal transduction via excited-state energy transfer</p><p>9.4. Superenhancement and superquenching</p><p>9.5. Signal transduction via conformational changes</p><p>9.6. Signal transduction via association and aggregation phenomena</p><p>9.7. Smart sensing with logical operations</p><p>Sensing and thinking: How to couple the recognition and reporting functionalities?</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 10. Supramolecular structures and interfaces for sensing</p><p> </p>10.1. Self-assembled supramolecular systems10.2. Building blocks for supramolecular sensors<p>10.3. Conjugation, labeling and cross-linking.</p><p>10.4. Supporting and transducing surfaces.</p>10.5. Functional lipid and polymer bilayers<p>Sensing and thinking: Extending sensing possibilities with smart nano-ensembles</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 11. Non-conventional generation and transformation of response</p><p> </p><p>11.1. Chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence</p><p>11.2. Bioluminescence</p><p>11.3. Radioluminescence and Cherenkov effect</p><p>11.4. Two-photon excitation and stimulated emission</p><p>11.5. Direct optical generation of electrical response signal</p><p>11.6. Evanescent-wave fluorescence sensors</p><p>11.7. Plasmonic enhancement of luminescence emission</p><p>Sensing and thinking: Eliminating light sources and detectors: what remains?</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 12. The sensing devices</p><p> </p><p>12.1. Instrumentation for fluorescence spectroscopy</p><p>12.2. Optical waveguides and optodes</p><p>12.3. Multi-analyte spotted microarrays</p><p>12.4. Suspension arrays and barcoding</p><p>12.5. Microfluidic devices.</p><p>12.6. Devices incorporating whole living cells</p><p>Sensing and thinking: Optimizing convenience, sensitivity and precision for obtaining the proper sensor response</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 13. Focusing on targets</p><p> </p><p>13.1. Temperature, pressure and gas sensing</p><p>13.2. Probing the properties of condensed matter</p><p>13.3. Detection of small molecules and ions</p><p>13.4. Nucleic acid detection and sequence identification</p><p>13.5. Recognition of protein targets</p><p>13.6. Polysaccharides, glycolipids and glycoproteins</p><p>13.7. Detection of harmful microbes</p><p>Sensing and thinking: Adaptation of sensor units for multi-scale and hierarchical range of targets</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 14. Sensing inside the living cells </p><p> </p><p>14.1. Modern fluorescence microscopy</p><p>14.2. Super-resolution microscopy</p><p>14.3. Sensing and imaging on a single molecule level</p><p>14.4. Site-specific intracellular labeling and genetic encoding</p><p>14.5. Advanced nanosensors inside the cells</p><p>14.6. Sensing within the cell membrane</p><p>14.7. Sensing different targets in cell interior</p><p>Sensing and thinking: Intellectual and technical means for addressing the systems of great complexity</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 15. Sensing the whole body and clinical diagnostics</p><p> </p><p>15.1. Ex-vivo diagnostics</p><p>15.2. Sensing the whole body</p><p>15.3. Monitoring the cells inside the living body</p><p>15.4. Theranostics: combining targeting, imaging and therapy</p><p>Sensing and thinking: The strategy of controlling by light of diagnostics and treatment</p><p> </p><p>Chapter 16. Opening new horizons</p><p> </p><p>16.1. Genomics, proteomics and other ‘omics’</p><p>16.2. The sensors to any target and to immense number of targets</p><p>16.3. New level of clinical diagnostics</p><p>16.4. Advanced sensors in drug discovery</p><p>16.5. Towards sensors that reproduce human senses</p><p>16.6. Sensors promising to change the society</p><p>Sensing and thinking: Where do we stand and where should we go?</p><p> </p><p>Epilogue.</p><p> </p><p>Appendix. Glossary of terms used in fluorescence sensing</p><p> </p><p>Index</p><p> </p>