Integrated Ring Resonators

1. Introduction<div>2. Ring Resonators: Theory and Modeling</div><div>2.1 Single Ring Resonators</div><div>2.1.1 Ring Structure</div><div>2.1.2 Racetrack Shaped Resonators</div><div>2.2 Double Ring Resonators</div><div>2.2.1 Serially Coupled Double Ring Resonator</div><div>2.2.2 Parallel Coupled Double Ring Resonator</div><div>2.3 Multiple Coupled Resonators</div><div>2.3.1 Serially Coupled Ring Resonators</div><div>2.3.2 Parallel Coupled Ring Resonators</div><div>3. Materials, Fabrication and Characterization Methods</div><div>3.1 Wafer Bonding</div><div>3.1.1 Bonding with Intermediate Layer</div><div>3.1.2 Bonding without Intermediate Layer</div><div>3.1.3 Benzocyclobutene (BCB) Wafer Bonding</div><div>3.2 Dry Etching</div><div>3.3 Si based Materials</div><div>3.3.1 Ring Resonators based on Si–SiO2</div><div>3.3.2 Ring Resonators based on Ta2O5–SiO2</div><div>3.3.3 Ring Resonators based on SiN, SiON and Si3N4</div><div>3.3.4 Ring Resonators based on SiO2-GeO2</div><div>3.4 III-V Materials</div><div>3.4.1 The Quaternary Semiconductor Compound GaInAsP</div><div>3.4.2 The Semiconductor Compound AlGaAs</div><div>3.4.3 Lateral Coupling in GaInAsP/InP</div><div>3.4.4 Vertical Coupling in GaInAsP/InP</div><div>3.4.5 Lateral Coupling in AlGaAs/GaAs</div><div>3.4.6 Vertical Coupling in AlGaAs/GaAs</div><div>3.4.7 Implementation of Gain in Ring Resonators</div><div>3.5 Polymers</div><div>3.5.1 Conventional Fabrication Techniques</div><div>3.5.2 Replication and Nanoimprinting</div><div>3.5.3 Novel Polymer Devices</div><div>3.6 Temperature Insensitivity</div><div>3.7 Polarization Independence</div><div>3.8 Characterization Methods</div><div>3.8.1 Conventional Characterization</div><div>3.8.2 Optical Low Coherence Reflectometry (OLCR)</div><div>3.8.3 Evanescent Field Measurement Methods</div><div>3.9 Lithium niobate and hydrid solutions</div><div>3.9.1 Ring Resonators based on Lithium niobate</div><div>3.9.2 Ring Resonators based on Lithium niobate on Insulators ( LNOI)</div><div>3.9.3 Ring Resonators based on Lithium niobate in hybrid configurations with nitrides</div><div>4. Building Blocks of Ring Resonator Devices</div><div>4.1 Couplers</div><div>4.1.1 Directional Couplers</div><div>4.1.2 Multimode Interference Couplers</div>4.1.3 Y-Couplers<div>4.2 Bends</div><div>4.3 Spot Size Converters for Light In- and Outcoupling</div><div>4.4 Gratings for Light In- and Outcoupling</div><div>5. Devices & Applications</div><div>5.1 Filters</div><div>5.1.1 Passive Devices</div><div>5.1.2 Devices with gain section</div><div>5.2 Tunability Methods</div><div>5.2.1 Wavelength Tuning</div><div>5.2.2 Center Wavelength Trimming</div><div>5.2.3 Tunable Couplers in Ring Resonators</div><div>5.3 Dispersion Compensators</div><div>5.4 Mach-Zehnder combined with Ring Resonator</div><div>5.5 Modulators</div><div>5.6 Lasers</div><div>5.6.1 All Active Lasers</div><div>5.6.2 Devices with gain section</div><div>5.6.3 Passive Ring Resonator Coupled Lasers</div><div>5.7 Wavelength Converters</div><div>5.8 Optical Signal Processing</div><div>5.8.1 Logic Gates</div><div>5.8.2 Switching</div><div>5.8.3 Telecom Operations</div><div>6. Sensors</div><div>6.1 Microfluidics</div><div>6.2 Optofluidics</div><div>6.3 Biosensors</div><div>7. Whispering Gallery Mode Devices</div><div>7.1 Whispering Gallery Modes (WGM)</div><div>7.2 WGM Filters</div><div>7.3 WGM Lasers</div><div>7. Outlook</div><div>References</div><div>Index</div>