Infrared Observation of Earth′s Atmosphere

<p>Acknowledgements ix</p>
<p>List of Symbols xi</p>
<p>List of Acronyms xv</p>
<p>Preface xxi</p>
<p>Introduction xxv</p>
<p>Chapter 1. Basic Physics of the Atmosphere and Radiation 1</p>
<p>1.1. Structure and composition of Earth s atmosphere 2</p>
<p>1.1.1. Vertical structure of the atmosphere 2</p>
<p>1.1.2. Atmospheric gases 3</p>
<p>1.1.3. Aerosols and hydrometeors 6</p>
<p>1.2. Atmospheric aerosols 7</p>
<p>1.2.1. Overview 7</p>
<p>1.2.2. Microphysical properties of aerosols 9</p>
<p>1.3. Clouds 13</p>
<p>1.3.1. Definitions and classification 13</p>
<p>1.3.2. Formation 15</p>
<p>1.3.3. Microphysical properties 17</p>
<p>1.4. Radiation in Earth s atmosphere 20</p>
<p>1.4.1. Electromagnetic radiation 20</p>
<p>1.4.2. The foundations of radiometry 21</p>
<p>1.4.3. Solar and terrestrial radiation 23</p>
<p>1.4.4. Reflection and emission of radiation by a surface 29</p>
<p>1.5. Radiation budget of the climate system 32</p>
<p>1.5.1. Radiative balance of the atmosphere 32</p>
<p>1.5.2. The greenhouse effect and parasol effect 34</p>
<p>1.5.3. Radiative forcing of atmospheric components 36</p>
<p>1.5.4. Impact of aerosols on climate 38</p>
<p>1.5.5. Impact of clouds on climate 39</p>
<p>1.5.6. Climate sensitivity 40</p>
<p>1.5.7. Observation of radiative budget 41</p>
<p>1.6. For further information 42</p>
<p>Chapter 2. Instrumentation and Sensors 45</p>
<p>2.1. Platforms, satellites and sensors 46</p>
<p>2.1.1. Types of orbits 46</p>
<p>2.1.2. Characteristic parameters of satellites 49</p>
<p>2.1.3. Geometry of lines of sight 50</p>
<p>2.2. Infrared detection techniques 56</p>
<p>2.2.1. Radiometers 56</p>
<p>2.2.2. High spectral resolution instruments 58</p>
<p>2.3. For further information 66</p>
<p>Chapter 3. Forward Radiative Transfer in Absorbing Atmosphere 69</p>
<p>3.1. Gaseous absorption and emission 70</p>
<p>3.1.1. Overview 70</p>
<p>3.1.2. Rovibrational spectroscopy 72</p>
<p>3.1.3. Line shapes 85</p>
<p>3.1.4. Line intensity and absorption coefficient 89</p>
<p>3.2. Radiative transfer equation in an absorbing medium 90</p>
<p>3.3. Solving the RTE 94</p>
<p>3.3.1. Models at high spectral resolution: line–by–line codes 94</p>
<p>3.3.2. Approximate modeling of gas absorption 95</p>
<p>3.3.3. Boundary conditions and atmospheric parameters 101</p>
<p>3.4. For further information 102</p>
<p>Chapter 4. Forward Radiative Transfer in Scattering Atmosphere 105</p>
<p>4.1. Atmospheric scattering 106</p>
<p>4.1.1. Main properties of scattering 106</p>
<p>4.1.2. Rayleigh scattering 110</p>
<p>4.1.3. Mie scattering 111</p>
<p>4.1.4. Non–spherical particles 112</p>
<p>4.1.5. Extinction coefficient and optical thickness 113</p>
<p>4.2. Polarization 114</p>
<p>4.3. Radiative transfer equation (RTE) in a scattering medium 118</p>
<p>4.3.1. General expression of the RTE 118</p>
<p>4.3.2. Solving of the RTE 120</p>
<p>4.3.3. Azimuthal dependence of the radiation field 124</p>
<p>4.3.4. Simplification of the phase function 125</p>
<p>4.4. Numerical methods to solve the RTE in a scattering plane parallel medium 127</p>
<p>4.4.1. Approximate analytical expressions 128</p>
<p>4.4.2. Discrete ordinate method 129</p>
<p>4.4.3. Adding–doubling method 130</p>
<p>4.4.4. Successive orders of scattering method 131</p>
<p>4.5. List of radiative transfer codes 131</p>
<p>4.6. For further information 133</p>
<p>Chapter 5. Methods of Geophysical Parameter Retrieval 135</p>
<p>5.1. Inversion process 136</p>
<p>5.1.1. Principle of the inversion process 136</p>
<p>5.1.2. The measurement vector and state vector 137</p>
<p>5.1.3. The forward model 137</p>
<p>5.2. Linear models 138</p>
<p>5.2.1. Linear least squares (LLS) method 139</p>
<p>5.2.2. Regularized linear model 140</p>
<p>5.3. Nonlinear inversion 142</p>
<p>5.4. Optimal estimation method (OEM) 144</p>
<p>5.4.1. Inversion method 146</p>
<p>5.4.2. Sensitivity of the measurement and informational content analysis 148</p>
<p>5.4.3. Error analysis for the retrieved profile 150</p>
<p>5.4.4. Example of water vapor profile retrieval from IASI 151</p>
<p>5.5. Lookup tables 156</p>
<p>5.6. For further information 163</p>
<p>Chapter 6. Space Infrared Remote Sensing: Some Applications 165</p>
<p>6.1. Water vapor isotopologues 166</p>
<p>6.2. Biomass fires and trace gases 170</p>
<p>6.3. Volcanic eruptions 174</p>
<p>6.3.1. Sulphur dioxide 175</p>
<p>6.3.2. Volcanic aerosols 177</p>
<p>6.4. Physical properties of clouds 181</p>
<p>6.4.1. Classification and physical properties of ice clouds 184</p>
<p>6.4.2. Thermodynamic phase and altitude of clouds 185</p>
<p>6.5. For further information 193</p>
<p>Appendix 195</p>
<p>Bibliography 201</p>
<p>Index 211</p>