Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes

<p>1: Introduction to Handbook of Alkali-activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes<br>Abstract<br>1.1 Brief overview on alkali-activated cement-based binders (AACB)<br>1.2 Potential contributions of AACB for sustainable development and eco-efficient construction<br>1.3 Outline of the book</p> <p>Part One: Chemistry, mix design and manufacture of alkali-activated, cement-based concrete binders<br>2: An overview of the chemistry of alkali-activated cement-based binders<br>Abstract<br>2.1 Introduction: alkaline cements<br>2.2 Alkaline activation of high-calcium systems: (Na,K)<SUB>2</SUB>O-CaO-Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>-SiO<SUB>2</SUB>-H<SUB>2</SUB>O<br>2.3 Alkaline activation of low-calcium systems: (N,K)<SUB>2</SUB>O-Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>-SiO<SUB>2</SUB>-H<SUB>2</SUB>O<br>2.4 Alkaline activation of hybrid cements<br>2.5 Future trends</p> <p>3: Crucial insights on the mix design of alkali-activated cement-based binders<br>Abstract<br>3.1 Introduction<br>3.2 Cementitious materials<br>3.3 Alkaline activators: choosing the best activator for each solid precursor<br>3.4 Conclusions and future trends</p> <p>4: Reuse of urban and industrial waste glass as a novel activator for alkali-activated slag cement pastes: a case study<br>Abstract<br>4.1 Introduction<br>4.2 Chemistry and structural characteristics of glasses<br>4.3 Waste glass solubility trials in highly alkaline media<br>4.4 Formation of sodium silicate solution from waste glasses dissolution: study by <SUP>29</SUP>Si NMR<br>4.5 Use of waste glasses as an activator in the preparation of alkali-activated slag cement pastes<br>4.6 Conclusions<br>Acknowledgements</p> <p>Part Two: The properties of alkali-activated cement, mortar and concrete binders<br>5: Setting, segregation and bleeding of alkali-activated cement, mortar and concrete binders<br>Abstract<br>5.1 Introduction<br>5.2 Setting times of cementitious materials and alkali-activated binder systems<br>5.3 Bleeding phenomena in concrete<br>5.4 Segregation and cohesion in concrete<br>5.5 Future trends<br>5.6 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>6: Rheology parameters of alkali-activated geopolymeric concrete binders<br>Abstract<br>6.1 Introduction: main forming techniques<br>6.2 Rheology of suspensions<br>6.3 Rheometry<br>6.4 Examples of rheological behaviors of geopolymers<br>6.5 Future trends</p> <p>7: Mechanical strength and Young's modulus of alkali-activated cement-based binders<br>Abstract<br>7.1 Introduction<br>7.2 Types of prime materials – solid precursors<br>7.3 Compressive and flexural strength of alkali-activated binders<br>7.4 Tensile strength of alkali-activated binders<br>7.5 Young's modulus of alkali-activated binders<br>7.6 Fiber-reinforced alkali-activated binders<br>7.7 Conclusions and future trends<br>7.8 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>8: Prediction of the compressive strength of alkali-activated geopolymeric concrete binders by neuro-fuzzy modeling: a case studys<br>Abstract<br>8.1 Introduction<br>8.2 Data collection to predict the compressive strength of geopolymer binders by neuro-fuzzy approach<br>8.3 Fuzzy logic: basic concepts and rules<br>8.4 Results and discussion of the use of neuro-fuzzy modeling to predict the compressive strength of geopolymer binders<br>8.5 Conclusions</p> <p>9: Analysing the relation between pore structure and permeability of alkali-activated concrete binders<br>Abstract<br>9.1 Introduction<br>9.2 Alkali-activated metakaolin (AAM) binders<br>9.3 Alkali-activated fly ash (AAFA) binders<br>9.4 Alkali-activated slag (AAS) binders<br>9.5 Conclusions and future trends</p> <p>10: Assessing the shrinkage and creep of alkali-activated concrete binders<br>Abstract<br>10.1 Introduction<br>10.2 Shrinkage and creep in concrete<br>10.3 Shrinkage in alkali-activated concrete<br>10.4 Creep in alkali-activated concrete<br>10.5 Factors affecting shrinkage and creep<br>10.6 Laboratory work and standard tests<br>10.7 Methods of predicting shrinkage and creep<br>10.8 Future trends</p> <p>Part Three: Durability of alkali-activated cement-based concrete binders<br>11: The frost resistance of alkali-activated cement-based binders<br>Abstract<br>11.1 Introduction<br>11.2 Frost in Portland cement concrete<br>11.3 Frost in alkali-activated binders – general trends and remarks<br>11.4 Detailed review of frost resistance of alkali-activated slag (AAS) systems<br>11.5 Detailed review of frost resistance of alkali-activated alumino-silicate systems<br>11.6 Detailed review of frost resistance of mixed systems<br>11.7 Future trends<br>11.8 Sources of further information</p> <p>12: The resistance of alkali-activated cement-based binders to carbonation<br>Abstract<br>12.1 Introduction<br>12.2 Testing methods used for determining carbonation resistance<br>12.3 Factors controlling carbonation of cementitious materials<br>12.4 Carbonation of alkali-activated materials<br>12.5 Remarks about accelerated carbonation testing of alkali-activated materials</p> <p>13: The corrosion behaviour of reinforced steel embedded in alkali-activated mortar<br>Abstract<br>13.1 Introduction<br>13.2 Corrosion of reinforced alkali-activated concretes<br>13.3 Corrosion resistance in alkali-activated mortars<br>13.4 New palliative methods to prevent reinforced concrete corrosion: use of stainless steel reinforcements<br>13.5 New palliative methods to prevent reinforced concrete corrosion: use of corrosion inhibitors<br>13.6 Future trends<br>13.7 Sources of further information and advice<br>Acknowledgements</p> <p>14: The resistance of alkali-activated cement-based binders to chemical attack<br>Abstract<br>14.1 Introduction<br>14.2 Resistance to sodium and magnesium sulphate attack<br>14.3 Resistance to acid attack<br>14.4 Decalcification resistance<br>14.5 Resistance to alkali attack<br>14.6 Conclusions<br>14.7 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>15: Resistance to alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) of alkali-activated cement-based binders<br>Abstract<br>15.1 Introduction<br>15.2 Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in Portland cement concrete<br>15.3 Alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) in alkali-activated binders – general remarks<br>15.4 AAR in alkali-activated slag (AAS)<br>15.5 AAR in alkali-activated fly ash and metakaolin<br>15.6 Future trends<br>15.7 Sources of further information</p> <p>16: The fire resistance of alkali-activated cement-basedconcrete binders<br>Abstract<br>16.1 Introduction<br>16.2 Theoretical analysis of the fire performance of pure alkali-activated systems (Na<SUB>2</SUB>O/K<SUB>2</SUB>O)-SiO<SUB>2</SUB>-Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3<br></SUB>16.3 Theoretical analysis of the fire performance of calcium containing alkali-activated systems CaO-(Na<SUB>2</SUB>O/K<SUB>2</SUB>O)-SiO<SUB>2</SUB>-Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3<br></SUB>16.4 Theoretical analysis of the fire performance of iron containing alkali-activated systems FeO-(Na<SUB>2</SUB>O/K<SUB>2</SUB>O)-SiO<SUB>2</SUB>-Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3<br></SUB>16.5 Fire resistant alkali-activated composites<br>16.6 Fire resistant alkali-activated cements, concretes and binders<br>16.7 Passive fire protection for underground constructions<br>16.8 Future trends<br>16.9 Sources of further information</p> <p>17: Methods to control efflorescence in alkali-activated cement-based materials<br>Abstract<br>17.1 An introduction to efflorescence<br>17.2 Efflorescence formation in alkali-activated binders<br>17.3 Efflorescence formation control in alkali-activated binders<br>17.4 Conclusions</p> <p>Part Four: Applications of alkali-activated cement-based concrete binders<br>18: Reuse of aluminosilicate industrial waste materials in the production of alkali-activated concrete binders<br>Abstract<br>18.1 Introduction<br>18.2 Bottom ashes<br>18.3 Slags (other than blast furnace slags (BFS)) and other wastes from metallurgy<br>18.4 Mining wastes<br>18.5 Glass and ceramic wastes<br>18.6 Construction and demolition wastes (CDW)<br>18.7 Wastes from agro-industry<br>18.8 Wastes from chemical and petrochemical industries<br>18.9 Future trends<br>18.10 Sources of further information and advice<br>Acknowledgement</p> <p>19: Reuse of recycled aggregate in the production of alkali-activated concrete<br>Abstract<br>19.1 Introduction<br>19.2 A brief discussion on recycled aggregates<br>19.3 Properties of alkali-activated recycled aggregate concrete<br>19.4 Other alkali-activated recycled aggregate concrete<br>19.5 Future trends<br>19.6 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>20: Use of alkali-activated concrete binders for toxic waste immobilization<br>Abstract<br>20.1 Introduction and EU environmental regulations<br>20.2 Definition of waste<br>20.3 Overview of inertization techniques<br>20.4 Cold inertization techniques: geopolymers for inertization of heavy metals<br>20.5 Cold inertization techniques: geopolymers for inertization of anions<br>20.6 Immobilization of complex solid waste<br>20.7 Immobilization of complex liquid waste<br>20.8 Conclusions</p> <p>21: The development of alkali-activated mixtures for soil stabilisation<br>Abstract<br>21.1 Introduction<br>21.2 Basic mechanisms of chemical soil stabilisation<br>21.3 Chemical stabilisation techniques<br>21.4 Soil suitability for chemical treatment<br>21.5 Traditional binder materials<br>21.6 Alkali-activated waste products as environmentally sustainable alternatives<br>21.7 Financial costs of traditional versus alkali-activated waste binders<br>21.8 Recent research into the engineering performance of alkali-activated binders for soil stabilisation<br>21.9 Recent research into the mineralogical and microstructural characteristics of alkali-activated binders for soil stabilisation<br>21.10 Conclusions and future trends</p> <p>22: Alkali-activated cements for protective coating of OPC concrete<br>Abstract<br>22.1 Introduction<br>22.2 Basic properties of alkali-activated metakaolin (AAM) coating<br>22.3 Durability/stability of AAM coating<br>22.4 On-site trials of AAM coatings<br>22.5 The potential of developing other alkali-activated materials for OPC concrete coating<br>22.6 Conclusions and future trends</p> <p>23: Performance of alkali-activated mortars for the repair and strengthening of OPC concrete<br>Abstract<br>23.1 Introduction<br>23.2 Concrete patch repair<br>23.3 Strengthening concrete structures using fibre sheets<br>23.4 Conclusions and future trends</p> <p>24: The properties and durability of alkali-activated masonry units<br>Abstract<br>24.1 Introduction<br>24.2 Alkali activation of industrial wastes to produce masonry units<br>24.3 Physical properties of alkali-activated masonry units<br>24.4 Mechanical properties of alkali-activated masonry units<br>24.5 Durability of alkali-activated masonry units<br>24.6 Summary and future trends</p> <p>Part Five: Life cycle assessment (LCA) and innovative applications of alkali-activated cements and concretes<br>25: Life cycle assessment (LCA) of alkali-activated cements and concretes<br>Abstract<br>25.1 Introduction<br>25.2 Literature review<br>25.3 Development of a unified method to compare alkali-activated binders with cementitious materials<br>25.4 Discussion: implications for the life cycle assessment (lCa) methodology<br>25.5 Future trends in alkali-activated mixtures:considerations on global warming potential (GWP)<br>25.6 Conclusion<br>25.7 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>26: Alkali-activated concrete binders as inorganic thermal insulator materials<br>Abstract<br>26.1 Introduction<br>26.2 The various ways to prepare foam-based alkali-activated binders<br>26.3 Investigation of the foam network<br>26.4 Microstructures and porosity</p> <p>27: Alkali-activated cements for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes<br>Abstract<br>Acknowledgements<br>27.1 Introduction<br>27.2 Experimental technique<br>27.3 Microstructure and hydration mechanism of alkali-activated granulated blast furnace slag (AGBFS) cements<br>27.4 Alkali-activated slag-based cementitious material (ASCM) coupled with Fe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> for photocatalytic degradation of Congo red (CR) dye<br>27.5 Alkali-activated steel slag-based (ASS) cement for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye<br>27.6 Alkali-activated fly ash-based (AFA) cement for photocatalytic degradation of MB dye<br>27.7 Conclusions<br>27.8 Future trends<br>27.9 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>28: Innovative applications of inorganic polymers (geopolymers)<br>Abstract<br>28.1 Introduction<br>28.2 Techniques for functionalising inorganic polymers<br>28.3 Inorganic polymers with electronic properties<br>28.4 Photoactive composites with oxide nanoparticles<br>28.5 Inorganic polymers with biological functionality<br>28.6 Inorganic polymers as dye carrying media<br>28.7 Inorganic polymers as novel chromatography media<br>28.8 Inorganic polymers as ceramic precursors<br>28.9 Inorganic polymers with luminescent functionality<br>28.10 Inorganic polymers as novel catalysts<br>28.11 Inorganic polymers as hydrogen storage media<br>28.12 Inorganic polymers containing aligned nanopores<br>28.13 Inorganic polymers reinforced with organic fibres<br>28.14 Future trends<br>28.15 Sources of further information and advice</p>