<p>Preface.- Acknowledgements.- Introduction.- I. Evolution of Sleep Medicine by Historical Periods.- Sleep in Ancient Egypt.- Sleep Medicine in the Arab Islamic Civilization.- Sleep Medicine in Ancient and Traditional India.- Sleep Medicine in Ancient and Traditional China.- Sleep in the Biblical Period.- Sleep in the New Testament.- The Greco-Roman Period.- The Aztec, Maya, and Inca Civilizations.- II. Sleep Medicine from the Medieval Period to the 19<sup>th</sup> Century.- Sleep Medicine in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.- Sleep in the 17th and 18th Centuries.- III. The Early Evolution of Modern Sleep Medicine.- The Evolution of Sleep Medicine in the 19th and the Early 20th Century.- The History of Polysomnography: Tool of Scientific Discovery.- IV. Sleep Medicine Societies, Professional Societies, and Journals.- A History Behind the Development of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Societies.- Development of Sleep Medicine in Europe.- Evolution of Sleep Medicine in Japan.- History of Japanese Clinical Sleep Medicine.- Sleep Medicine around the World (Beyond North American and European Continents).- V. Sleep Disorders in Historic Diseases.- Cholera.- Encephalities Lethargica.- African Sleeping Sickness.- Sleep and HIV Disease.- VI. Historical Milestones of Individual Sleep Disorders.- Evolution of the Classification of Sleep Disorders.- History of Epidemiological Research in Sleep Medicine.- The Insomnias: Historical Evolution.- VII. Neurological Sleep Disorders.- Narcolepsy – </p>Cataplexy Syndrome and Symptomatic Hypersomnia.- Idiopathic Hypersomnia.- Kleine-Levin Syndrome.- Movement Disorders in Sleep.- History of Restless Legs Syndrome, Recently Named Willis-Ekbom Disease.- Sleep and Stroke.- Sleep in Neurodegenerative Diseases.- Sleep, Cognitive Dysfunction, and Dementia.- Fatal Familial Insomnia and Agrypnia Excitata: Insights into Human Prion Disease Genetics and the Anatomo-Physiology of Wake and Sleep Behaviours.- Epilepsy and Sleep.- Sleep Disorders</p> after Traumatic Brain Injury: Milestones in Perspective.- Headache Syndromes and Sleep.- VIII. Psychiatric and Psychological Sleep Disorders.- Depression.- Schizophrenia and Psychosis.- Bipolar Disorder.- IX. Respiratory Diseases.- A Short History of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.- Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome: A Short History.- Restrictive and Obstructive Lung Diseases and Sleep Disorders.- NREM Arousal Parasomnias.- REM Sleep Behavior Disorder.- Chronobiology and Sleep.- X. Medical Disorders and Sleep.- Cardiovascular Disease and Sleep Dysfunction.- Nonrestorative Sleep, Musculoskeletal Pain, Fatigue in Rheumatic Disorders and Allied Syndromes: A Historical Perspective.- Sleep and Pain: Milestones and Advances from Research.- Endocrine-Metabolic Disorders and Sleep Medicine.- The Gut and Sleep.- Impotence and Erectile Problems in Sleep Medicine.- Women’s Health and Sleep Disorders.- XI. Miscellaneous Important Aspects.- The Emergence of Pediatric Sleep Medicine.- Sleep Disorders,Cognition, Accidents, and Performance.- Sleep Deprivation: Societal Impact and Long Term Consequences.- Sleep Models.- XII. Evolution of Treatment and Investigative Approaches in Sleep Medicine.- A History of Non-Pharmacological Treatments for Insomnia.- The Pharmacological Treatment of Sleep Disorders.- Psychological Treatment of Insomnia: The Evolution of Behavior Therapy and Cognitive Behavior Therapy.- Modafinil: Development and Use of the Compound.- Phylogeny in Sleep Medicine.- Gamma-Hyroxybutyrate (Sodium Oxybate): From the Initial Synthesis to the Treatment of Narcolepsy Cataplexy and Beyond.- Development and Impact of Brain Imaging Techniques.