Protocol Specification and Testing

I Communication Protocols Overview.- 1. The Reference Model And Its Layers.- 1.1 Computer Networks, Open Systems.- The concept of computer networks.- The origins of computer networks.- The operation of computer networks.- The beginnings of the Reference Model.- 1.2 The Reference Model.- The essence of the Reference Model.- The elements of the Reference Model.- Functional division of the distributed system.- Management in open system interconnection.- 1.3 Layers, Layer Terms and Layer Elements.- The general principles of layering.- Layer elements.- Identifiers. Naming and addressing.- 1.4 Layer Functions.- The general layer functions.- Connection establishment and release.- Data transfer. Data units.- Error handling.- 1.5 Layer Conventions.- The model of the layer services.- Service primitives.- Time sequence diagrams.- 1.6 Protocols.- The basic communication concept of Open Systems: the protocol.- Protocol features and their control.- The protocol and its environment.- 2. The Seven Layers.- 2.1 About the Seven Layers.- The seven layers.- The functions of the seven layers.- 2.2 The Physical Layer and Its Protocols.- The physical layer and its services.- The data transfer.- Mechanical, electrical, procedural and functional characteristics of the physical layer.- 2.3 The Data Link Layer and Its Protocols.- The data link layer and its services.- Data link functions.- Classification of the data link protocols.- 2.4 Binary Synchronous Communication (BSC) Protocol.- The main feature of BSC.- The character set of BSC.- Time-out.- 2.5 High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) Protocol.- The fundamental concept of HDLC.- Frame types.- Error-free operation of the HDLC.- Erroneous operation of the HDLC.- 2.6 The Network Layer and Its Protocols.- The network layer services.- X.25 packet level procedure.- Packet formats.- Routing.- 2.7 The Transport Layer and Its Protocols.- The transport layer and the transport services.- Transport protocol classes.- 2.8 The Session Layer and Its Protocols.- The session layer.- Session layer functions.- Operation of the session layer.- 2.9 The Presentation Layer and Its Protocols.- The presentation layer and its services.- Transfer syntax and presentation context.- 2.10 The Application Layer and Its Protocols.- The application layer services and functions.- The application process.- General application layer protocols.- Application layer structure.- 3. Abstract Model Of Testing.- 3.1 Purpose of Testing.- Specification, verification and testing.- Conformance testing.- Performance measurement.- 3.2 Network Environment.- Characteristics of the network.- Queues in the network.- The traffic.- 3.3 Error Generators.- Relationship between the network topology and the errors.- Relationship between the layered structure and the errors.- Error generators of the protocol testers.- 3.4 Conformance Testing.- Requirements.- The classification of conformance testing.- 3.5 The Abstract Model of Conformance Testing.- The fundamental concept of abstract testing.- Methods of conformance testing.- The general logical architecture of conformance testers.- The physical architecture of conformance testers.- An example on conformance testing.- 3.6 Performance Testing.- Requirements.- The schedule of performance testing.- Parameters of performance testing in the OSI model.- II Formal Description Techniques.- 4. State-Transition Based Models.- 4.1 Overview of Finite-state Machines.- Basic set theory.- Computability. Turing machines.- Finite-state machines.- State-transition tables and graphs.- 4.2 Examination of Finite-state Machines.- The properties of finite-state machines.- Equivalence of finite-state machines.- State identification with successor tree.- 5. Graph Models.- 5.1 Petri Nets.- Fundamental concepts of Petri nets.- Petri net features.- The subgraphs of the Petri net.- Mathematical description of Petri nets.- 5.2 Modified Petri Nets.- Classification of modified Petri nets.- Time Petri nets.- E-nets.- Numerical Petri nets.- 5.3 Data Flow Graphs.- Graph model of behaviour.- Data flow graph models.- 5.4 Examples of Graph Models.- Examples of Petri nets.- Graph models of protocol components.- 6. Algebras And Formal Languages.- 6.1 Calculus of Communicating Systems.- Basic ideas.- The syntax and semantics of CCS.- Equivalences.- Example.- 6.2 A Specification Language for Abstract Data Types.- Abstract data types.- Language concepts of ACT ONE.- Abstract data types of ACT ONE.- Atomic specification.- Complex specification.- 6.3 Formal Languages.- to formal languages.- Classification of grammars.- 7. Specification Languages For Communication.- 7.1 Specification and Description Language (SDL).- Overview of SDL.- General definition of SDL.- Basic concepts.- SDL process diagram.- From the basic concepts to the structuring concepts.- Partitioning.- Refinement.- Data concepts in SDL.- Operators.- Axioms.- Inheritance.- Tools for SDL.- 7.2 Architectural Specification Concept.- 7.3 ESTELLE, an Extended Finite-state Machine Specification Language.- Overview of ESTELLE.- Transitions.- Modules.- Interaction points and channel type.- Specification.- Example.- Software tools for ESTELLE.- 7.4 LOTOS, a Language of Temporal Ordering Specification.- Overview of LOTOS.- Interactions between processes.- Behaviour expressions.- LOTOS data types.- Recursion and nondeterminism.- III Applications.- 8. Alternating-Bit Protocol Specification.- 8.1 State-transition Graph of the Alternating-bit Protocol.- 8.2 Alternating-bit Protocol Description with Petri Net.- A Petri net specification complemented with variables.- 8.3 ESTELLE Specification of the Alternating-bit Protocol.- The modules.- Declaration of the data transfer submodule.- Transitions.- 9. Protocol Specifications In The Data Link Layer.- 9.1 The Hybrid HDLC Model.- 9.2 A Formal Grammar Description of HDLC.- Essence of the method.- Half-duplex models.- Improved model with sequence numbering.- Full-duplex models.- Conclusions.- 9.3 Formal Description of LAPB with SDL/GR.- The structure of LAPB description.- The processes.- Signals.- The data of the SDL processes.- The process diagrams: the SDL-graphs.- 10. Formal Description Of Transport Protocols.- 10.1 Transport Protocol Description with Finite-state Machine.- 10.2 Transport Protocol Description with SDL-graph.- Extended state-transition graph of the transport protocol.- SDL/GR description of the transport protocol.- 10.3 Numerical Petri Nets of the Transport Protocol.- Transitions.- Enabling conditions for input arcs.- Firing rules.- Conclusions.- 10.4 Data Flow Graph for Transport Protocol Description.- 10.5 LOTOS Specification of the Transport Protocol.- Structure of the specification.- Data type definitions.- Specification of the transport connection in LOTOS.- 11. Conformance Testers.- 11.1 Initial Protocol Testing.- 11.2 Conformance Test Centre in the National Bureau of Standards.- Requirements.- The test system.- Test strategy.- 11.3 A Conformance Tester.- Objectives.- Manual conformance tester.- State-transition table controlled conformance tester.- 11.4 Testing and Diagnosis Aids for Higher Level Protocols.- 11.5 AT&T Protocol Test Centre.- Requirements.- Test centre architecture.- Test sequences.- 12. Test Sequences.- 12.1 Test Sequence Generation.- Transition tour method.- 12.2 W-method.- 12.3 Gönenc Method.- 12.4 Testing the NATHAN Application Protocol.- 12.5 Automatic Test Sequence Generation.- Automatic testing.- The model used.- The tools.- References.- Standards.- Abbreviations.