Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Ethanol

VII. Ethanol and Electrolyte Metabolism.- 1 Water and Electrolyte Metabolism following Ethanol Intake and during Acute Withdrawal from Ethanol.- A. Introduction—Historical Perspective.- B. Acute Ethanol Intake.- C. Chronic Ethanol Intake.- D. Acute Withdrawal from Ethanol.- E. Summary and Conclusions.- F. References.- 2 Acid-Base Balance following Ethanol Intake and during Acute Withdrawal from Ethanol.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects of a Single Ethanol Dose.- C. Effects of “Binge” Drinking on Ketoacidosis.- D. Chronic Intake and Withdrawal.- E. Summary and Conclusions.- F. References.- 3 Metabolism of Calcium and Magnesium during Ethanol Intoxication and Withdrawal.- A. Introduction.- B. Calcium Absorption and Excretion during Ethanol Intoxication and Withdrawal.- C. Magnesium Absorption and Excretion during Ethanol Intoxication and Withdrawal.- D. Magnesium and Calcium Administration during Ethanol Withdrawal.- E. Interaction of Calcium with Membranes: Alteration by Ethanol.- F. Effect of Alcohols on Brain Calcium.- G. Summary and Conclusions.- H. References.- VIII. Influence of Ethanol on Biological Membranes.- 4 Effects of Ethanol on Membrane Transport.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects of Ethanol on Membrane Transport in Gastrointestinal Tissues.- C. Effects of Ethanol on Active Transport in Frog Skin.- D. Ethanol and Membrane Transport in Other Tissues.- E. Concluding Remarks.- F. Summary.- G. References.- 5 Changes in the Activity of Na+,K+-ATPase during Acute and Chronic Administration of Ethanol.- A. Introduction.- B. Na+,K+-ATPase: Properties.- C. Activity in Vitro.- D. Activity after Acute Ethanol Administration.- E. Activity after Chronic Ethanol Administration.- F. Other Tissues.- G. Summary and Conclusions.- H. References.- 6 Biochemical and Biophysical Approaches in the Study of Ethanol- Membrane Interaction.- A. Introduction.- B. Physical Approaches.- C. Membrane Perturbation and Protein Conformation.- D. Biochemical Approaches.- E. Summary and Conclusions.- F. References.- 7 Ethanol and the Blood-Brain Barrier.- A. Introduction.- B. Structural Barriers.- C. Functional Barriers and Ethanol Effects.- D. Summary and Conclusions.- E. References.- IX. Interaction of Ethanol with Hormonal Functions.- 8 Effects of Acute and Chronic Administration of Ethanol on Cyclic Nucleotides and Related Systems.- A. Introduction.- B. Ethanol and Cyclic Nucleotides in the Nervous System.- C. Ethanol and Cyclic Nucleotides in the Stomach.- D. Ethanol and Cyclic Nucleotides in Other Tissues.- E. Summary and Conclusions.- F. References.- 9 Interactions of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Somatostatin with Ethanol and Other Sedative/Hypnotics.- A. Introduction.- B. Interactions of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone with Ethanol and Other Sedative/Hypnotics.- C. Possible Mechanism(s) of Action(s) of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Central Nervous System.- D. Effect of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone on Ethanol Withdrawal Syndrome.- E. Interactions of Somatostatin with Ethanol and Other Sedative/Hypnotics.- F. Possible Mechanism(s) of Action(s) of Somatostatin in the Central Nervous System.- G. Summary and Conclusions.- H. References.- 10 Ethanol and Endocrine Function.- A. Introduction.- B. Endocrine Hormones of Water and Electrolyte Balance and Metabolism.- C. Endocrine Hormones of Energy Balance and Metabolism.- D. Endocrine Hormones of Reproductive Processes.- E. Discussion.- F. Conclusions.- G. References.- X. Interaction of Ethanol with Neurotransmitters.- 11 Alterations in Neurotransmitter Function after Acute and Chronic Treatment with Ethanol.- A. Introduction.- B. Importance of Experimental Design.- C. Catecholamines.- D. Serotonin.- E. Shift in the Metabolism of Biogenic Amines.- F. ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- G. Summary and Conclusions.- H. References.- 12 Comparison between the Effects of Ethanol and Those of Opioid Drugs on the Metabolism of Biogenic Amines.- A. Introduction.- B. Comparative Studies of Actions of Morphine and Ethanol.- C. Effects on the Steady-State Levels of Biogenic Amines.- D. Turnover of Biogenic Amines.- E. Acid Metabolites of Biogenic Amines.- F. Acetaldehyde, Biogenic Amines, and Their Condensation Products.- G. Summary and Conclusions.- H. References.- 13 Genetics of Ethanol Preference: Role of Neurotransmitters.- A. Introduction.- B. Methods of Assessing Ethanol Preference.- C. Genetic Effects on Ethanol Preference.- D. Metabolism and Ethanol Preference.- E. Serotonin and Ethanol Preference.- F. Other Neurotransmitters and Ethanol Preference.- G. Melatonin and Ethanol Preference.- H. Role of Tetrahydroisoquinolines and ß-Carbolines in Ethanol Preference.- I. Summary and Conclusions.- J. References.- 14 Effects of Ethanol on the Cholinergic System.- A. Introduction.- B. Cholinergic Transmission and Metabolism of Acetylcholine.- C. Effects of Ethanol on Cholinergic Transmission.- D. Effect of Ethanol on Acetylcholine Concentrations.- E. Action of Ethanol on Acetylcholine Synthesis.- F. Action of Ethanol on Acetylcholine Degradation.- G. Summary and Conclusions.- H. References.- XI. Ethanol and Neuronal Electrophysiology.- 15 Effects of Ethanol on Nerve Impulse Activity.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects on Peripheral Nervous System.- C. Effects on Central Nervous System.- D. Underexploited Areas of Research.- E. Summary and Conclusions.- F. References.- 16 Tolerance to a Specific Synaptic Effect of Ethanol in Aplysia.- A. Introduction.- B. Modifiable Synaptic Transmission in Aplysia.- C. Ethanol Accelerates the Decay of Posttetanic Potentiation.- D. Membrane Fluidity Implicated in the Regulation of Decay of Posttetanic Potentiation.- E. Tolerance to Ethanol as an Adaptive Response to a Perturbation in Membrane Fluidity.- F. Summary and Conclusions.- G. References.- XII. Interaction of Ethanol with Drugs.- 17 Interaction of Ethanol with Other Drugs.- A. Introduction.- B. Depressants.- C. Tranquilizers.- D. Stimulants and Antidepressants.- E. Other Agents.- F. Neurotransmitters.- G. Metabolic Interactions.- H. Activation of Acetaldehyde Oxidation by Drugs.- I. Factors Influencing Ethanol-Drug Interactions.- J. Summary and Conclusions.- K. References.- 18 Biochemical Pharmacology of Pyrazoles.- A. Introduction.- B. Pharmacodynamics.- C. Effects of Pyrazoles on Alcohol Dehydrogenase.- D. Other Effects of Pyrazoles.- E. Pyrazoles as Research Tools.- F. Summary and Conclusions.- G. References.- 19 Biochemical Pharmacology of Disulfiram.- A. Introduction.- B. Chemistry.- C. Analytical Methods.- D. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.- E. Biochemical and Pharmacological Effects.- F. Disulfiram-Ethanol Reaction.- G. Drugs Reported to Induce a Disulfiramlike Ethanol Reaction.- H. Disulfiram Toxicity and Side Effects.- I. Dosage.- J. Disulfiram Implantation.- K. Patient Compliance.- L. Risk/Benefit.- M. Summary and Conclusions.- N. References.- 20 Amethystic Agents: Reversal of Acute Ethanol Intoxication in Humans.- A. Introduction.- B. Characteristics of an Ideal Amethystic Agent.- C. Reversing Ethanol’s Effects.- D. Summary and Conclusions.- E. References.- 21 Drug Therapy of the Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome.- A. Introduction.- B. Etiology.- C. Treatment Strategies.- D. Patient Populations.- E. Specific Treatments.- F. Perspectives for Future Research.- G. Summary and Conclusions.- H. References.- XIII. Physiology, Behavior, and Animal Models of Alcohol Dependence.- 22 Ethanol-Induced Changes in Body Temperature and Their Neurochemical Consequences.- A. Introduction.- B. Physiological Principles of Temperature Regulation.- C. Effects of Drugs on Body Temperature Regulation.- D. Effects of Ethanol on Body Temperature Regulation.- E. Neurochemical Consequences of Hypothermia.- F. Summary and Conclusions.- G. References.- 23 Interrelationship between Ethanol Consumption and Circadian Rhythm.- A. Introduction.- B. Ethanol Preference in the Rat as a Function of Photoperiod: Effects of Alteration of Light-Dark Cycle, Melatonin Administration, and Pinealectomy.- C. Alteration of Ethanol Preference in Hamsters: Effects of Changes in Photoperiod and Pinealectomy.- D. Extension of Preceding Studies to Implicate Neurotransmitter Involvement.- E. Relationship between Ethanol Preference and Brain Chemistry: Alterations Produced by ß-Carbolines and Related Indole Derivatives.- F. Summary and Conclusions.- G. References.- 24 Pharmacologic and Electrophysiologic Effects of Ethanol in Relation to Sleep.- A. Introduction.- B. Physiology of Sleep.- C. Neurotransmitters and Sleep.- D. Ethanol and Sleep.- E. Possible Relationships of REM Sleep Phenomena to Ethanol Dependence.- F. Ethanol, Neurotransmitters, and Sleep.- G. Summary and Conclusions.- H. References.- 25 Clinical Pharmacology of the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.- A. Introduction.- B. Historical Survey and Clincal Description of Syndrome.- C. Prospective Studies.- D. Experimental Models of the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.- E. Mechanisms of Ethanol’s Effects on the Maternal-Placental-Fetal System.- F. Research on Prevention.- G. Summary and Conclusions.- H. References.- 26 Behavioral Manifestations of Ethanol Intoxication and Physical Dependence.- A. Introduction.- B. Intoxication.- C. Different Types of Learning.- D. Physical Dependence.- E. Summary and Conclusions.- F. References.- 27 A Critique of Animal Analogues of Alcoholism.- A. Introduction.- B. Evaluation of Animal Analogues.- C. Summary and Conclusions.- D. References.