Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid 1

1: Physiology, Pharmacology, and Dynamics of Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Embryology and Anatomy.- 3. CSF Production.- 4. CSF Composition and Gradients.- 5. CSF Absorption.- 6. CSF Circulation.- 7. Functions of CSF.- References.- 2: Role of Cyclic AMP in Cerebrospinal Fluid Production.- 1. Introduction: The Adenylate Cyclase-Cyclic AMP System and Cell Secretion.- 2. In Vivo Model.- 3. In Vitro Model.- 4. Effects of Cholera Toxin on CSF Production and Choroid Plexus Cyclic AMP.- 5. Prostaglandins and CSF Production.- 6. Adenylate Cyclase Agonists and CSF Production.- 7. Carbonic Anhydrase, Cyclic AMP, and Cellular Compartmentalization.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 3: Chemical Alterations of Cerebrospinal Fluid Acting on Respiratory and Circulatory Control Systems.- 1. CSF and ECF in Central Nervous System.- 2. Physiological and Experimental Mediators of Respiratory and Circulatory Control Systems.- 3. Central Chemosensitivity of Respiration.- 4. Alteration of CSF as a Tool in Analysis of Site and Properties of Central Chemosensitivity of Respiration.- 5. Effects on Circulatory Control System of Altering Acid-Base Balance of CSF or Application of Drugs via CSF.- 6. Confirmation of Reaction Theory of Central Chemosensitivity by Alteration of CSF Acid-Base Parameters.- 7. Ventilation in Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Acidosis.- 8. Effects of Chemoreceptor Stimulants Applied via CSF.- 9. Effects on Respiration of Transmitter Substances and Neurotropic Drugs Applied via CSF.- 10. Effects on Circulation of Transmitter Substances and Neurotropic Drugs Applied via CSF.- 11. Influences of Morphine, Apomorphine, Endorphins, Enkephalins, and Other Substances in CSF.- References.- 4: Neurochemical Aspects of Blood-Brain-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Mechanisms of Blood-Brain-CSF Barriers.- 3. Movement of Solutes across Blood-Brain-CSF Barriers.- References.- 5: Sites of Origin and Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentration Gradients: Neurotransmitters, Their Precursors and Metabolites, and Cyclic Nucleotides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 3. Norepinephrine.- 4. Dopamine.- 5. Serotonin.- 6. Cyclic Nucleotides.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 6: Daily Fluctuations in Cathecholamines, Monoamine Metabolites, Cyclic AMP, and ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Norepinephrine and Its Metabolites.- 4. Dopamine and Its Major Metabolite.- 5. Cyclic Adenosine 3?,5?-Monophosphate.- 6. ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 7: Technical Aspects of Clinical and Experimental Cerebrospinal Fluid Investigations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Protocols.- 3. Animal Investigations.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 8: Cerebrospinal Fluid Amine Metabolites and Probenecid Test.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Brain Amine Metabolism Reflected in Cerebral Ventricular CSF.- 3. Clearance of Amine Metabolites from Central Nervous System.- 4. Measurement of Amine Metabolites in Lumbar CSF.- 5. Development of Probenecid Test.- 6. Significance of CSF Probenecid Levels in Probenecid Test.- 7. Sources of Variance in Probenecid Test.- 8. Intravenous Administration of Probenecid.- 9. Kinetics of CSF Probenecid and Amine Metabolites.- 10. Conclusions.- References.- 9: Extracellular Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Human Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CNS Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism.- 3. Relationship of CNS Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism to Extracellular Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Animals.- 4. Assay of Cyclic Nucleotides in Human CSF.- 5. CSF Cyclic Nucleotide Concentrations.- 6. CSF Cyclic Nucleotide Concentrations in Neurological and Psychiatric Disease.- 7. Blood-CSF Barrier to Cyclic Nucleotides.- 8. Carrier-Mediated Transport of Cyclic Nucleotides from CSF.- 9. Investigations of CNS Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.- 10. Application of Probenecid Techniques to Study of Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Neurological and Psychiatric Disease.- 11. Conclusion.- References.- 10: Norepinephrine in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Basic Studies, Effects of Drugs and Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Gradient for Norepinephrine.- 3. Circadian Rhythm of Norepinephrine in CSF.- 4. Relationship between Blood and CSF Norepinephrine.- 5. Effects of Drugs on Norepinephrine in CSF.- 6. CSF Norepinephrine in Disease.- References.- 11: Huntington’s Disease: Biogenic Amines in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurochemistry.- 3. Neuropharmacology.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 12: Cerebrospinal Fluid Noradrenergic and Behavioral Alterations Associated with Stimulation and Atrophy of Caudate Nucleus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurobiology of Caudate Nucleus Stimulation.- 3. Central Noradrenergic Depression in Huntington’s Disease.- References.- 13: Evaluation of Cerebrospinal Fluid ?-Aminobutyric Acid Content in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Measurement of GABA in CSF.- 3. Basic Considerations.- 4. CSF GABA Levels in Normal Individuals.- 5. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Huntington’s Disease and Those “at Risk for” Huntington’s Disease.- 6. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Epilepsy.- 7. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Other Neurological Disorders.- 8. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Psychiatric Disorders.- 9. Studies of GABA Levels in Blood, Amniotic Fluid, and Peripheral Tissues.- 10. Summary and Conclusion.- References.- 14: Cerebrospinal Fluid ?-Aminobutyric Acid: Correlation with Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Constituents and Alterations in Neurological Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF GABA Correlations.- 3. Significance of CSF GABA Correlations.- References.- 15: Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies in Parkinson’s Disease: Norepinephrine and ?-Aminobutyric Acid Concentrations.- 1. CSF and Plasma, Concentrations of Norepinephrine in Parkinson’s Disease.- 2. Lergotrile Mesylate Therapy: Effect on CSF Norepinephrine Concentrations in Parkinson’s Disease.- 3. Levodopa Therapy: Effect on CSF GABA Concentrations in Parkinson’s Disease.- References.- 16: Neurochemical Alterations in Parkinson’s Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Parkinson’s Disease.- 3. Dopamine.- 4. Norepinephrine.- 5. Serotonin.- 6. Amino Acids.- 7. Acetylcholine.- 8. Miscellaneous Substances.- 9. Conclusions.- References.- 17: Cerebrospinal Fluid Monoamine Metabolites in Neurological Disorders of Childhood.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Monoamines and Epilepsy.- 3. Juvenile Parkinsonism.- 4. CSF Monoamine Metabolites in Coma.- 5. Monoamines in Hydrocephalus.- 6. Mental Retardation and Cerebral Palsy.- 7. Monoamines and Minimal Brain Dysfunction.- 8. Miscellaneous Disorders.- 9. Summary.- References.- 18: Seizure-Induced Metabolic Alterations in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Systemic Metabolic Changes in Seizures in Man.- 3. Cerebral Metabolic Changes in Seizures in Man.- 4. CSF Changes in Seizures in Man.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 19: Neurotransmitter, Metabolite, and Cyclic Nucleotide Alterations in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Seizure Patients.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Alterations Associated with Anticonvulsant Medications in Seizure Patients.- 3. CSF Alterations Associated with Electrical Stimulation of Brain in Seizure Patients.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 20: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definition of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 3. Clinical Presentation.- 4. Analysis of CSF.- 5. Clearance of Erythrocytes from Subarachnoid Space.- 6. Hydrocephalus.- 7. Computed Tomographic Scanning in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 8. Summary.- References.- 21: Effects of Subarachnoid Blood and Spasmodic Agents on Cerebral Vasculature.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vivo Model of Cerebral Arterial Spasm.- 3. In Vitro Model of Cerebral Arterial Spasm.- 4. Role of Calcium in Cerebral Arterial Spasm.- References.- 22: Response of Extraparenchymal Cerebral Arteries to Biochemical Environment of Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Energy Metabolism and Ions in CSF.- 3. Hydrogen Ion Alterations and Cerebral Arterial Activity.- 4. Summary.- References.- 23: Subarachnoid Erythrocytes and their Contribution to Cerebral Vasospasm.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Natural History of CSF Erythrocytes after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 3. Role of Erythrocytes in Cerebral Vasospasm.- 4. Direct Irritation of Brain by Erythrocytes.- 5. Recent Trends in Treatment of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 6. Summary.- References.- 24: Neurochemical Alterations in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Cerebral Ischemia and Stroke.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Studies in Stroke.- 3. Studies in Migraine.- 4. Therapeutic Implications of CSF Studies.- 5. Summary.- References.- 25: Cerebrospinal Fluid Cyclic Nucleotide Alterations in Traumatic Coma.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Material and Methods.- 3. Summary of Cases.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 26: Acetylcholine Metabolism in Intracranial and Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid and in Blood.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results in Patients with Minimal Pathology, Tumor, Aneurysm, or Head Injury.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 27: Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Dynamics and Brain Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Homeostasis of Intracranial Pressure.- 3. Pressure-Volume Relationships.- 4. Cerebral Herniation.- 5. Cerebral Blood Flow.- 6. Effects of Pressure on Metabolism.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 28: Non-Steady-State Measurements of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics: Laboratory and Clinical Applications.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Open Perfusion Technique.- 3. Closed Recirculatory Perfusion Technique.- 4. Manometric Determinations of CSF Dynamics.- 5. Clinical Studies.- 6. Disease Entities.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 29: Experimental Studies Relating to Diagnostic Imaging in Disorders of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Model for Chronic Communicating Hydrocephalus.- 3. CSF Pressure Measurements.- 4. Response of CSF Pressure to Alterations in Arterial CO2 Tension.- 5. Pathological Studies.- 6. Molecular-Transfer Analysis.- 7. CSF Exit-Pathway Size.- 8. Autoradiography.- 9. CSF Production.- 10. Discussion.- References.- 30: Dynamics of the Cerebrospinal Fluid System as Defined by Cranial Computed Tomography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Techniques and Rationale.- 3. Normal CSF System.- 4. Abnormal CSF System.- 5. Therapy for Hydrocephalus.- 6. Discussion.- References.- 31: Cerebrospinal Fluid Alterations Associated with Central Nervous System Infections.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Cellular Reactions.- 3. CSF Glucose Alterations.- 4. Nonimmunoglobulin-Protein Alterations.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 32: Penetration of Antimicrobial Agents into Cerebrospinal Fluid: Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Aspects.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theoretical Aspects.- 3. Concentration of Antibiotics in CSF.- 4. Clinical Aspects.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 33: Pathophysiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid Immunoglobulins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Quantitative Abnormalities of IgG in CSF of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.- 3. Oligoclonal IgG in CSF of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.- 4. CSF IgG Abnormalities in Multiple Sclerosis in Relation to Clinical Parameters.- 5. Corticosteroids Inhibit CNS IgG Synthesis.- 6. CSF Immunoglobulin Abnormalities in Optic Neuritis.- 7. CSF Immunoglobulin Abnormalities in Chronic Myelopathy.- 8. Quantitative and Qualitative Abnormalities of Light Chains in CSF.- 9. CSF Immunoglobulins in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis.- 10. Source of Abnormal CSF IgG.- 11. Viral Antibodies in CSF of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.- 12. Significance of Abnormal CSF IgG in Multiple Sclerosis.- 13. CSF IgM and IgA.- 14. Conclusion.- References.- 34: Myelin Basic Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Index of Active Demyelination.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results of Clinical Investigations.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Summary.- References.- 35: Electron-Microscopic Studies on Cerebrospinal Fluid Sediment.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results with CNS Demyelination and Cancer.- 4. Miscellaneous Clinical Findings.- 5. Discussion.- References.- 36: Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid: Effects of Various Disease States and Immunosuppressive Drugs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Cytology.- 3. Immunocompetent Cells in CSF.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 37: Intrathecal Lymphocyte Infusions: Clinical and Animal Toxicity Studies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Feasibility Studies: Animals.- 3. Phase I Studies: Man.- References.- 38: Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis in Central Nervous System Cancer.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Types of CNS Cancer.- 3. Biological Tumor Markers.- 4. CSF Tumor Markers in CNS Cancer.- 5. CSF Cytology.- 6. Summary and Future Directions.- References.- 39: Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Important Considerations in Pharmacological Approach to Central Nervous System Malignancy.- 3. Intrathecal Chemotherapy.- 4. Systemic Chemotherapy.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 40: Cerebrospinal Fluid Melatonin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Melatonin in CSF.- 3. Entry of Melatonin into CSF.- 4. Disappearance and Fate of CSF Melatonin.- 5. Relationship between Blood and CSF Melatonin.- 6. Daily Rhythm in CSF Melatonin.- 7. Regulation of the Melatonin Rhythm.- 8. Final Comments.- References.- 41: Cerebrospinal Fluid Pituitary Hormone Concentrations in Patients with Pituitary Tumors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Factors That Regulate Presence of Anterior Pituitary Hormones in CSF.- 3. Functional Role of Anterior Pituitary Hormones in CSF.- 4. Specific Hormones and CSF.- 5. Extrapituitary Sources of Pituitary Hormones.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 42: Cerebrospinal Fluid Steroid Hormones.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Movement of Steroid Hormones from Plasma to CSF.- 3. Plasma Protein Binding of Steroid Hormones.- 4. Radioimmunoassay of CSF Steroid Hormones.- 5. Discussion and Literature Review.- 6. Movement of Steroid Hormones from Plasma to Brain in Rhesus Monkey.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 43: Cerebrospinal Fluid Vasopressin and Vasotocin in Health and Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemistry.- 3. Concentration.- 4. Origin.- 5. Regulation.- 6. function.- 7. Summary.- References.- 44: Significance and Function of Neuropeptides in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Distribution of Neural Peptides in CNS.- 3. Significance and Function of Peptides Located Outside Hypothalamus.- 4. Mechanisms by Which Neural Peptides Might Reach CSF.- 5. Physiological Effects of Peptides Placed into CSF.- 6. Endogenous Neural Peptides in CSF.- 7. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 45: Endorphins in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Actions of Endorphins via CSF.- 3. Endorphins in CSF.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 46: Cerebrospinal Fluid Monoamine Metabolites in Neuropsychiatric Disorders of Childhood.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Diagnostic Issues: Autism and Related Disorders.- 3. Probenecid Method in Childhood.- 4. Childhood Psychosis.- 5. Chronic Multiple Tics.- 6. Developmental Processes.- 7. Sex Effects.- 8. Associated Neurobiological Variables.- References.- 47: Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies of Neurotransmitter Function in Manic and Depressive Illness.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical-Methodological Issues.- 3. CSF Amine and Metabolite Alterations in Affective Illness.- 4. Biological Correlates of Clinical and Pharmacological Response.- 5. Cyclic Nucleotides in CSF of Affectively III Patients.- 6. Neuroendocrine and Peptide Approaches to Depression and Mania.- 7. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 48: Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies in Schizophrenia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interpretation of CSF Studies in Schizophrenia.- 3. Biogenic Amines.- 4. ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 5. Peptides.- 6. Miscellaneous.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 49: Cerebrospinal Fluid Calcium: Clinical Correlates in Psychiatric and Seizure Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Calcium in Affective Illness.- 3. CSF Calcium in Schizophrenia.- 4. CSF Calcium in Seizure Disorders.- 5. CSF Calcium and Behavioral Activation.- References.