The Biology of Alcoholism

of Volume 2 Physiology and Behavior.- 1 Effects of Alcohol on the Neuron.- The Phenomenology of Physiological Depression.- Basic Theory of Depressant Molecular Action.- Alcohols as Depressant Molecules.- Summary.- References.- 2 Peripheral Nerve and Muscle Disorders Associated with Alcoholism.- Peripheral Nerve.- Clinical Description.- Studies of Nerve Conduction Velocities.- Pathological Description of Nerve Fibers in Chronic Alcoholics with Polyneuropathy.- Pathogenesis of the Neuropathy Associated with Alcoholism.- Treatment and Prognosis.- Muscle.- Clinical Description.- Pathological Description of Muscle Fibers in Chronic Alcoholics.- Pathogenesis of the Myopathies Associated with Alcoholism.- Treatment and Prognosis.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 3 The Effects of Alcohol on Evoked Potentials of Various Parts of the Central Nervous System of the Cat.- Experimental Methods.- Acute Studies.- Chronic Studies.- Results of Various Types of Stimulation.- Electrical Stimulation of the Radial and Sciatic Nerves.- Direct Cortical Stimulation.- Stimulation of Subcortical Structures with Special Reference to the Reticular Formation.- Auditory Stimulation.- Photic Stimulation.- Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- 4 Brain Centers of Reinforcement and Effects of Alcohol.- History.- Topographic Organization.- Intensity of Effect.- Drive Relations.- Autonomic Relations.- Positive and Negative Reinforcement.- Anatomical Relations.- Interaction Experiment.- Lesion Experiments.- Self-stimulation, Epileptiform Activity, and Neuronal Activity.- Behavioral Aspects.- Drug Experiments.- Summary.- References.- 5 Factors Underlying Differences in Alcohol Preference of Inbred Strains of Mice.- The Inbred Mouse as Subject Introduction.- Alcoholism as a Behavior Pathology.- The Nature of Inbred Strains.- Measurement of Alcohol Preference.- Genetic Effects on Alcohol Preference.- Nutritional Effects on Alcohol Preference.- Experiential Effects on Alcohol Preference.- Physiologic Correlates of Alcohol Preference.- Pathological Effects of Long-Term Alcohol Consumption.- Pathological Effects of Alcohol Not Voluntarily Ingested.- Summary and Implications.- References.- 6 The Determinants of Alcohol Preference in Animals.- The Meaning of Alcohol Selection.- Measuring Alcohol Preference in Animals.- Techniques of Self-Selection.- Position Habit.- Interpreting Self-Selection Data.- Biological Mechanisms in Alcohol Selection.- Innate Factors.- Endocrine Systems and Internal Factors.- Aging.- Environmental Changes and Alcohol Preference.- Habituation, Acclimation, and Tolerance to Alcohol.- Nutrition, Taste, Smell, and Alcohol Preference.- Stress-Induced Drinking.- Psychogenic Polydipsia and Alcohol.- Biochemical Factors in Self-selection of Alcohol.- Action of Alcohol on the Brain and Other Systems.- Drugs and Other Systemic Alterations.- Biogenic Amines and Alcohol Preference.- Conclusions.- References.- 7 Voluntary Alcohol Consumption in Apes.- Use of Nonhuman Primates in Studies of Alcohol Consumption.- General Variables Related to Alcohol Consumption in Apes.- Preferences for Alcohols.- Ranges of Alcohol Consumption.- Patterns of Drinking Behavior.- Effects of Alcohol Consumption in Apes.- Physiological Variables.- Behavioral Variables.- Overview.- References.- 8 State-Dependent Learning Produced by Alcohol and Its Relevance to Alcoholism.- Available Information.- Experimental Procedures.- Properties of Drug Discriminability.- Discriminative Control by Alcohol.- Animal Dissociation Experiments.- State-Dependent Learning in Humans.- Drug Discrimination in Humans.- Dissociation and the Alcoholic Blackout.- Can Dissociation Cause Dependence?.- Implications for the Treatment of Alcoholism.- Summary.- References.- 9 Behavioral Studies of Alcoholism.- The Concept of Addiction.- Selection of Subjects.- Methods of Alcohol Administration.- Drinking Patterns.- Techniques Used to Study Alcohol Acquisition and Periodicity of Drinking.- Factors Which Affect Drinking Patterns.- Comparison of Alcohol with Other Reinforcers.- The Effects of Alcohol on Behavioral and Biological Factors.- Craving: An Unvalidated Construct.- Affect and Self-Esteem.- Memory and Dissociative Phenomena.- Sleep Patterns.- Summary and Conclusions.- Evidence of Alcohol Addiction.- “The Alcoholic (?)”.- Control over Drinking.- Manipulation of Intoxication.- Affect and Memory.- Sleep Patterns.- Conclusions.- References.- 10 The Effects of Alcohol on the Central Nervous System in Humans.- Introduction: Research Questions and Methodological Problems.- The Effects of Alcohol on the Electroencephalogram.- Comparison of EEG Recordings in Alcoholics vs. Nonalcoholics.- The Electroencephalogram During Acute Alcoholic Psychosis.- Definition of the Chronic Alcoholic and Selection of Study Samples.- Nature of the Control Group.- Longitudinal vs. Cross-Sectional Studies.- Time of Testing and Concurrent Medication.- The Electroencephalogram in Chronic Alcoholics.- Experimental Studies of CNS Activity During Acute Administration of Alcohol.- The Effects of Long-Term Administration on the Electroencephalogram.- The Effects of Alcohol in Brain-Evoked Responses.- Technique.- Drug Effects.- The Effects of Alcohol on the Recovery Function of Evoked Potentials.- Summary.- References.- 11 Changes in Cardiovascular Activity as a Function of Alcohol Intake.- Mythology of Alcohol and the Cardiovascular System..- Alcohol and the Central Circulation.- Alcohol and Cardiac Metabolism.- Alcohol and Cardiac Mechanical Performance.- Alcohol and Cardiac Morphology.- Alcohol and Electrophysiology of the Heart.- Alcohol and the Peripheral Circulation.- Alcohol and Specific Cardiovascular Disorders.- Cardiovascular Abnormalities Associated with the Acute Withdrawal Syndrome.- Alcoholic Myocardiopathy.- Beriberi Heart Disease.- Alcoholic Perimyocardiopathy.- Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease.- References.- 12 The Effect of Alcohol on the Autonomic Nervous System of Humans: Psychophysiological Approach.- Alcoholics and Nonalcoholies.- Autonomie Nervous System (ANS).- ANS, Psychophysiology, and Alcoholism.- Autonomie Nervous System.- Anatomical Overview.- ANS Integration.- Psychophysiological Studies of Human ANS.- Some Psychophysiological Experiments.- Psychophysiological Concepts and Alcoholism.- Psychophysiological Studies of Alcohol Effect on the Human ANS.- Questions of Experimental Design.- Cardiovascular System and Alcohol.- Electrodermal System and Alcohol.- Salivation, Eye Movements, Respiration, Digestive System, EMG, and Alcohol.- Summary.- References.- 13 Alcohol and Sleep.- Phenomena of Human Sleep.- Electroencephalographic (EEG) Patterns.- Autonomic Patterns.- The Need for Sleep.- Effects of Alcohol on Sleep.- Acute Studies (Normal Subjects).- Chronic Effects (Alcoholic Patients).- Neural Mechanisms of Sleep.- Slow-Wave Sleep.- REM Sleep.- Sites of Action of Alcohol in the CNS.- Sleep and the Biogenic Amines.- Tryptophan and Phenylalanine.- Reserpine.- Alcohol and the Biogenic Amines.- The MAO Inhibition Model.- The Reserpine Model.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 14 Alcoholism and Learning.- Learning Terms and Principles.- Reinforcement.- Extinction.- Punishment.- Learning Principles and Research Relevant to Alcoholism.- Reinforcing Properties of Alcohol.- Development of Excessive Drinking.- Maintenance of Excessive Drinking.- Control of Excessive Drinking.- Evaluation.- Conceptualizing Alcoholism as Learned Behavior.- Stimulation of Research.- Summary.- References.- 15 Some Behavioral Effects of Alcohol on Man.- Sexual Behavior and Alcohol.- Animal Experiments.- Human Experiments.- Discussion.- Alcohol and Aggression.- Discussion.- Direct Observation of Aggression.- Indirect Observation of Aggression.- Alcohol as a Disinhibitor of Aggression.- Other Sources of Information About Alcohol and Aggression.- Comment.- Conclusion.- References.