1. Defect Structure and Transport Properties.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Defect Structure.- 2.1. Types of Point Defects.- 2.2. Lattice Disorder and Association of Defects.- 2.3. Defect Equilibria.- 2.4. Energy of Formation and Motion of Defects.- 3. Experimental Methods.- 3.1. Density.- 3.2. X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction.- 3.3. Electrical Conductivity and Diffusion.- 3.4. Polarization Measurements.- 3.5. Impedance Measurement.- 3.6. Thermoelectric Power.- 3.7. Relaxation Methods.- 3.8. Miscellaneous Techniques.- 4. Materials.- 4.1. Fluorite-Type Oxides.- 4.2. ?-Alumina-Type Oxides.- 4.3. Silver-Iodide-Type Materials.- 4.4. Fluorides.- 4.5. Miscellaneous.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2. Limiting Factors in Measurements Using Solid Electrolytes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Electronic Conduction in the Electrolyte.- 2.1. Examples from Thermodynamic Measurements.- 2.2. Examples from Kinetic Measurements.- 3. Maintaining a Desired Chemical Potential at the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface.- 3.1. Influence of Electronic Conductivity.- 3.2. Influence of Chemical Reactions.- 3.3. Influence of the Gaseous Atmosphere.- 3.4. Equilibration of the Electrode Constituents.- 3.5. Polarization Effects at the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface.- 4. Effects of Porosity, Inhomogeneity, and Inadequate Mechanical Properties.- 5. Experimental Uncertainties.- 5.1. Limited Temperature Range of Study.- 5.2. Instrumentation Problems.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3. Thermodynamic Studies of Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. General.- 1.2. Solid Electrolyte Galvanic Cell Method.- 1.3. Limitations of Data Derived from emf Measurements.- 2. Metallic Alloy Systems.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Binary Solid Metallic Alloys.- 2.3. Binary Liquid Alloys.- 2.4. Conclusion.- 3. Oxygen Dissolved in Metals and Alloys.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Dilute Alloys of Oxygen in Metals.- 3.3. Effect of Third Alloying Element on the Oxygen Activity.- 4. Fluoride Cells to Study Carbides, Borides, Phosphides, and Sulfides.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 4. Thermodynamic Properties of Oxide Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Comparison of the Solid Electrolyte Method with Other Methods for Thermodynamic Measurements.- 3. Types of Solid Electrolytes Used in the Study of Oxide Systems.- 4. Thermodynamic Measurements of Oxide Systems with Cells Involving Oxide Solid Electrolytes.- 4.1. Apparatus.- 4.2. Determination of the Free Energy of Formation of Oxides, Spinels, Silicates, and Other Compounds.- 4.3. Activity Measurements in Oxide Systems.- 4.4. Study of the Nonstoichiometry of Metallic Oxides.- 4.5. Some Special Studies of Oxides and Related Systems.- 5. Thermodynamic Measurements of Oxide Systems with Cells Involving Fluoride Solid Electrolytes.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Free Energy of Formation of Oxide Compounds.- 5.3. Measurement of Activities in Oxide Solid Solutions.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 5. Kinetic Studies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Polarization Studies.- 2.1. Polarization Studies Involving Gaseous Electrodes.- 2.2. Polarization Studies Involving Liquid Electrodes.- 2.3. Polarization Studies Involving Solid Electrodes.- 2.4. Choice of Electrodes.- 3. Diffusion Measurements.- 3.1. Potentiostatic Techniques.- 3.2. Galvanostatic Techniques.- 3.3. Potentiometric Techniques.- 3.4. Combined Potentiostatic and Potentiometric Techniques.- 3.5. Evaluation of Experimental Techniques.- 4. Kinetics of Phase-Boundary and Diffusion-Controlled Reactions.- 4.1. Phase-Boundary Reactions.- 4.2. Diffusion-Controlled Reactions.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6. Technological Applications of Solid Electrolytes.- 1. General.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Classification of Technological Applications.- 2. Oxygen Meters.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Determination of Oxygen in Gases.- 2.3. Measuring and Recording.- 2.4. Estimation of Gas Composition from po2 Measurement.- 2.5. Industrial Applications.- 2.6. Oxygen Determination in Liquid Metals.- 2.7. Determination of Oxygen in Liquid Steel.- 3. Oxygen Transfer to and from Materials.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Oxygen Pump and Probe.- 3.3. Coulometric Control of Oxygen in Liquid Metals.- 3.4. Other Applications.- 4. Energy Conversion.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Fuel Cells.- 5. Batteries with ?-Alumina Electrolytes.- 5.1. Sodium-Sulfur Battery.- 5.2. Other Systems Using ?-Alumina.- 6. Solid State Ionics.- 6.1. General.- 6.2. Energy Conversion Devices.- 6.3. Other Devices.- 6.4. Advantages and Limitations.- References.- 7. Fabrication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Single Crystals.- 2.1. Stabilized Zirconia.- 2.2. Thoria.- 2.3. Calcium Fluoride.- 2.4. ?-Alumina.- 2.5. AgI-Type Compounds.- 3. Polycrystalline Materials.- 3.1. Zirconia-Base Materials.- 3.2. Thoria-Base Materials.- 3.3. ?-Alumina.- 3.4. AgI-Type Electrolytes.- 4. Electrodes.- 4.1. Oxygen Ion Conductors.- 4.2. ?-Alumina.- 4.3. Fluorides.- 4.4. Silver Ion Conductors.- 5. Joining of Materials.- 6. Conclusions.- References.
