Energy Transfer Processes in Condensed Matter

to Energy Transfer and Relevant Solid-State Concepts.- to Energy Transfer and Relevant Solid-State Concepts.- Abstract.- I. Introduction.- II. Basic Concepts Underlying Energy Transfer in Solids.- II.A. Separation of Electronic and Nuclear Motion.- II.B. One-Electron Approximation.- II.C. Electronic Band Structure.- 1. Case I: Nearly Free Electrons.- 2. Case II: Tightly Bound Electrons.- II.D. Lattice Dynamics and Phonons.- 1. Case I: The Case of Small q-Values.- 2. Case II: The Case of $$q = \frac{\pi }{a}$$.- II.E. The Electron-Phonon Interaction.- 1. Deformation Potential Theory.- 2. Fröhlich Hamiltonian.- III. General Methods of Energy Transfer.- III.A. Resonant Energy Transfer.- III.B. Nonresonant Energy Transfer.- III.C. Electronic Charge Transport and Energy Transfer.- III.D. Energy Transfer by Excitons.- 1. Exciton Structure.- 2. Exciton Transport.- III.E. Auger Processes as Energy Transfer.- III.F. Inelastic Collisions. Hot Electron Excitation.- IV. Closing Remarks.- Appendix: Effective Mass Approximation for Dopants with Coulomb Fields.- References.- Energy Transfer among Ions in Solids.- Abstract.- I. Interaction among Atoms.- I.A. Two-Atom System.- I.B. Dynamical Effects of the Interaction.- 1. Coherent Energy Transfer in a Two-Atom System.- 2. Incoherent Energy Transfer in a Two-Atom System.- 3. Coherent Energy Transfer in a Linear Chain.- 4. Incoherent Energy Transfer in a Linear Chain.- I.C. The Relevant Energy Transfer Hamiltonian.- I.D. Interaction between Two Atoms in Solids.- II. Different Types of Interactions.- II.A. Multipolar Electric Interactions.- II.B. Exchange Interactions.- II.C. Electro-Magnetic Interactions.- II.D. Phonon-Assisted Energy Transfer.- III. Statistical Treatment of Energy Transfer. Modes of Excitation.- III.A. Introduction.- III.B. Pulsed Excitation.- III.C. Continuous Excitation.- IV. Statistical Treatment of Energy Transfer. Case With No Migration among Donors.- IV.A. Basic Equation.- IV.B. Simple Models.- 1. Perrin Model.- 2. Stern-Volmer Model.- IV.C. Multipolar Interactions.- IV.D. Exchange Interactions.- V. Statistical Treatment of Energy Transfer. Case with Migration among Donors.- V.A. Migration.- V.B. Diffusion.- V.C. Migration as Diffusion Process.- 1. Diffusion Only.- 2. Diffusion and Relaxation.- 3. Diffusion, Relaxation and Transfer.- V.D. Migration as Random Walk.- V.E. Comparison of Two Models.- V.F. Calculations of Transfer Rates.- 1. Diffusion Model.- 2. Hopping Model.- V.G. Regimes of Donor Decay.- 1. No Diffusion.- 2. Diffusion-Limited Decay.- 3. Fast Diffusion.- V.H. Migration in the Case of Inhomogeneous Broadenings of Donors’ Levels.- VI. Collective Excitations.- VI.A. Introduction.- VI.B. Eigenfunctions.- VI.C. Dispersion Relations.- VI.D. Effective Mass.- VI.E. Generalization to Three Dimensions.- VI.F. Periodic Boundary Conditions and Density of States.- VI.G. Interaction of Photons with Collective Excitations.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Mathematical Methods for the Description of Energy Transfer.- Abstract.- I. Introduction.- I.A. Preliminary Remarks.- I.B. Processes and Questions of Interest.- I.C. Some Experiments.- I.D. Outline of This Article.- II. The Basic Transport Instrument: The Evolution Equation.- II.A. Introduction and the Coherence-Incoherence Problem.- II.B. Motivation for the GME.- II.C. Derivation and Validity of the GME.- II.D. Solution of Foerster’s Problem.- II.E. General Remarks About the GME.- III. Memory Functions: Explicit Calculations.- III.A. Outline.- III.B. Exact Results for Pure Crystals.- III.C. Exact Results for an SLE.- III.D. Perturbative Evaluation for Linear Exciton-Phonon Coupling.- III.E. Evaluation from Spectra.- IV. Calculation of Observables.- IV.A. Prelude: Calculation of Propagators.- IV.B. Application to Grating Experiments.- IV.C. Capture Experiments.- V. Miscellaneous Methods and conclusions.- V.A. Methods for Cooperative Trap Interactions.- V.B. Conclusion.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Energy Transfer in Insulating Materials.- Abstract.- I. Introduction.- II. Single-Step Energy Transfer.- III. Multistep Energy Transfer.- IV. Characteristics of Materials.- V. Strong Temperature Dependence.- VI. Weak Temperature Dependence.- VI.A. Transition Metal Compounds.- VI.B. Hexavalent Uranium Compounds.- VI.C. Trivalent Rare Earth Compounds.- VII. Fluorescence Line Narrowing in Glasses.- Acknowledgement.- References.- Energy Transfer in Semiconductors.- Abstract.- I. Introduction, or the Physical Problem of Looking through a Window.- II. Energy Transfer from an External Photon Field into a Semiconductor.- II.A. Photons in Vacuum.- II.B. A Mechanical Model for a Medium.- II.C. The Dielectric Function.- II.D. Polaritons.- II.E. What Happens at the Surface.- II.F. Phonon Polaritons.- II.G. Excitons: Oscillators with Spatial Dispersion.- II.H. Exciton-Polaritons and the Problem of Additional Boundary Conditions.- II.I. Experimental Proofs for the Concept of Exciton-Polaritons.- III. Energy Transfer from Exciton-Polaritons to the Phonon-Field.- III.A. Review of Energy Transfer Processes in Semiconductors.- III.B. Interaction Mechanisms between Excitons and Phonons.- III.C Lo-Phonon Assisted Luminescence.- III.D. Resonant Brillouin Scatterin.- III.E. Raman Scattering.- III.F. Resonant Raman Scattering, Hot Luminescence, Thermalisation and Photoluminescence.- IV. Energy Transfer between Various Exciton-Polariton Modes by Nonlinear Interaction.- IV.A. Nonlinear Interaction Between Phonons.- IV.B. Two-Photon Raman Scattering.- IV.C. Degenerate Four Wave Mixing.- IV.D. Laser Induced Gratings.- V. Conclusion.- Appendices.- Appendix A: Exciton-Polaritons in Real Semiconductors.- Appendix B: Surface Polaritons.- Appendix C: The Role of Impurities.- Acknowledgemtnts.- References.- Triplet Excitation Transfer Studies in Organic Condensed Matter via Cooperative Effects.- Abstract.- I. Introduction.- II. Introduction to Molecular Crystal Band States.- III. Direct Approach for Study of Triplet Transport via Delayed Fluorescence.- IV. The Triplet Exciton Macroscopic Diffusion Equation.- V. Experimental Determination of the Triplet Exciton Diffusion Tensor.- V.A. Time-Dependent Buildup and Decay Transient Experiments.- 1. Buildup of Delayed Fluorescence.- 2. Decay of Delayed Fluorescence.- V.B. Phase-Lag Steady-State Experiments.- VI. Possibility of Detecting Coherence Effects in Triplet Transport.- VI.A. Buildup and Decay Transient Experiments.- VI.B. Phase-Lag Steady-State Experiments.- References.- Energy Transfer in Solid Rare Gases.- Abstract.- I. Introduction.- II. Elementary Excitations of Rare Gas Crystals.- II.A. Lattice Vibrations.- II.B. Resonant Electronic States.- II.C. Localized Electronic States.- II.D. Localization (Self-Trapping) of Excitons.- 1. Exciton-Phonon Scattering.- 2. Self-Trapping.- 3. Microscopic Picture.- III. Electronic States of Guest Atoms and Molecules in Rare Gas Matrices.- III.A. Transition Energies.- III.B. Lattice Relaxation and Line Shapes.- IV. Electronic and Vibrational Relaxation.- V. Energy Transfer.- V.A. Concepts.- V.B. Migration of Free Excitons.- 1. Transfer to Guests.- 2. Transfer to Boundaries.- V.C. Energy Transfer Between Localized Centers.- 1. Electronic Energy Transfer of Self-Trapped Excitons to Guest Centers.- 2. Electronic Energy Transfer between Guest Centers.- 3. Vibrational Energy Transfer Between Guest Molecules.- V.D. Energy and Mass Transport in Liquid Rare Gases.- VI. High Excitation Densities.- VI.A. Laser Applications.- VI.B. Loss Processes and Electron Plasma.- References.- Energy Transfer and Localization in Ruby.- Abstract.- I. The Localization of Optical Excitation in a Solid.- II.Energy Transfer in Ruby — Early Experiments.- III.The Search for Mobility Edges in the Ruby R1 Line.- IV.Fluorescence Line Narrowing and Hole Burning Experiments in Ruby.- V. Degenerate Four Wave Mixing Experiments in Ruby: An Attempt to Directly Measure the Energy Migration Distance.- VI. Electric Field Experiments in Ruby.- References.- Energy Transfer and Ionic Solid State Lasers.- Abstract.- I. Introduction.- II. Energy Transfer Scheme for Pumping Efficiency Improvement.- II.A. Stokes Processes.- 1. Energy Transfer Towards Pumping Levels.- 2. Deactivation by Energy Transfer of Levels in Self-Saturating and Cascade Lasers.- II.B. Anti-Stokes Processes and Up-Conversion Pumped Lasers.- III. Drawbacks Introduced By Energy Transfer.- III.A. Stokes Processes.- 1. Self-Quenching by Energy Diffusion and Cross-Relaxation.- 2. Role of Crystal Field Strength.- III.B. Anti-Stokes Processes Up-Conversion and Reabsorption.- IV. Conclusion.- References.- A Scalar Field Strength Parameter for Rare-Earth Ions: Meaning and Application to Energy Transfers.- Abstract.- I. Introduction.- II. Theoretical Investigation of Maximum Stark Splittings.- III. Discussion of the Approximation.- IV. Application to Maximum Stark Splitting Calculations: Comparison with Experiments.- IV.A. Given Ion (Nd3+) and Crystal (LaF3), Comparison of N*v from Maximum Splitting to N*v from Bqk’ s for Different J-Terms.- IV.B. Given J-Term (4I9/2) of Given Ion (Nd3+), Study of Maximum Splitting for Different Crystals with Different Site Symmetry.- IV.C. Given J-Term (4I13/2) and Crystal (LaF3), Study for Different Ion.- V. Conclusion.- References.- Energy Transfer between Inorganic Ion in Glasses.- Abstract.- I. Introduction.- II. Uranyl Ion and Rare Earth Ions.- III. Bi3+, Eu3+ and Nd3+.- IV. Cr3+ And Nd3+ and Yb3+ in Lanthanum Phosphate Glass.- V. Energy Transfer From Mn2+ to Er3+ in Fluoride Glasses and Mn2+ to Nd3+, Ho3+ and Er3+ in Oxide Glasses.- V.A. Manganese.- V.B. Erbium.- V.C. Energy Transfer Between Manganese and Erbium.- VI. Conclusions.- Acknowledgement.- References.- Non-Equilibrium Concepts in Solar Energy Conversion.- Abstract.- I. General Concepts for Radiation.- I.A. Introduction.- I.B. Photons in Discrete Quantum States.- I.C. Continuous Photon Spectrum.- I.D. Photon Fluxes.- I.E. The Case of Black-Body Radiation.- I.F. Simple Applications of the Energy Flux Concept.- I.G. Fluxes Compared with Equilibrium Quantities.- II. Diluted Black-Body Radiation.- II.A. DBR: Definition and Properties.- II.B. Fluxes of DBR.- II.C. DBR as Non-Equilibrium Radiation.- II.D. Application of DBR to Solar Energy Conversion.- II. E. Discussion.- II.F. A More Rigorous Version of Section II.D.- II.G. An Argument from Availability.- III. Statistical Thermodynamics of Cascade Converters.- III.A. Some Thermodynamic Results.- III.B. Discussion.- III.C. The Absorption Coefficient; The Photon Chemical Potential.- III.D. Solar Cell Equation in Terms of Photon (Number) Fluxes.- III.E. The Maximum Efficiency of an Infinite Stack of Solar Cells.- III.F. Additional Comments: Independent Derivation of ?g for the Stack.- III.G. Additional Comment: The Solar Cell Equation and Standard Approximations.- III.H. The Finite Stack.- IV. Problems.- V. Main Symbol Used and References.- VI. Appendix.- References.- Long Seminars.- Magneto-Optical Study of Energy Transfer in Ruby.- Abstract.- I. Introduction.- II. Experimental.- III. Experimental Results.- III.A. Lifetime Measurements.- III.B. Transferred Intensities vs. Magnetic field.- III.C. Excitation Spectra.- IV. Discussion.- Acknowledgement.- References.- Spectroscopic Studies of Energy Transfer in Solids.- Abstract.- I. Introduction.- II. Material and Experimental Equipment.- III. Useful Data about Theoretical Approaches to the Energy Transfer.- III.A. Resonant Radiative Energy Transfer.- III.B. Resonant Nonradiative Energy Transfer.- 1. Without Diffusion Among S Ions.- 2. With Diffusion Among S Ions.- III.C. Up-Conversion Processes by Energy Transfer.- III.D. Influence of the Traps in the Materials.- IV. Energy Transfer in Doped Materials.- IV.A. Bi3+ - Eu3+ Codoped Germanate Glass or Lu2si207 Crystal.- IV.B. Ky3F10(Eu2+).- IV.C. LaC13 - Gd3+.- V. Energy Transfer in Stoichiometric Materials.- V.A. Manganese Compounds.- V.B. Rare-earth Compounds.- VI. Summary.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Dynamical Models of Energy Transfer in Condensed Matter.- Abstract.- I. Introduction.- II. Direct Transfer.- III. Diffusion in the Framework of the CTRW.- IV. Trapping in the CTRW Model.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Energy Transfer and Electron Transfer in Photobiological, Photochemical, and Photoelectrochemical Processes (Abstract only).- An Example of Identifying the Specific Mechanism of Resonant Energy Transfer: Sb3+ ? Mn2+ in Fluoro-Phosphate Phosphors (Abstract only).- Energy Transfer and Anderson Localization in Ruby Electric Field and Uniaxial Stress Effects.- Abstract.- I. Introduction.- II. E-sublattices and ?-sublattices.- III. Experimental.- IV. Discussion.- IV.A. Rapid or Slow Nonradiative Resonant Transfer?.- IV.B. Anderson Transition.- IV.C. Internal Electric Fields and Energy Transfer.- V. Conclusion.- References.- Time-Resolved Studies of Energy Transfer.- Abstract.- I. Introduction.- II. Origin of the Time Dependence.- III. Methods of Theoretical Analysis.- IV. Experimental Techniques.- V. Examples of Time-Resolved Energy Transfer Studies.- V.A. Energy Transfer Between Eu3+ Ions in Eux Y1-x P5 O14 Crystals.- V.B. Energy Transfer among Nd3+ Ions in Lightly Doped Solids.- V.C. Exciton Diffusion in Ndx La1-x P5 014 Crystals.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- Trends in Scientific Computing.- Abstract.- I. The Problem-Solving Cycle.- II. Providing A Better Environment for Scientific Computing.- II.A. Computer-Based Local and Long-Distance Networks.- II.B. Hardware and Software Tool.- 1. Video Display Technology.- 2. Direct Input.- 3. Software.- III. Achieving Faster Computation.- III.A. The Need For Faster Computation.- III.B. Historical Trends.- III.C. Conventional Processor Designs.- III.D. Concurrent Operation of Computer Subsystems.- III.E. Pipelining.- III.F. The Potential for Exploiting Parallelism.- III.G. Radical Innovations in Processor Design.- IV. Computational Modelling and Simulation.- References.- Short Seminars.- Photoconductivity of Indium in Silicon.- Nonlinear Energy Transfer in Semiconductors Yielding Bistability.- Luminescence and Energy Transfer In YA1G:Nd,Ce.- Energy Transfer Effects in NaEuTiO4.- Energy Transfer in Antiferromagnetic Alkali Manganese Halide Crystals.- Auger Effect Due to Shallow Donors in CdF2:Mn Luminescence.- Energy Transfer Processes in Znse:Ni,Fe.- On the Role of Nonlocalized Excitation Mechanisms in the Generation of Red Er3+ Emission in CdF2:Er,Yb.- The General Three-Dimensional Haken-Strobl Model.- The Luminescence Spectrum of U02mo04.- Contributors.