Trace Elements, Micronutrients, and Free Radicals

Itisonlyrecently thatthe naturaloccurrenceoffree radicalsin biological tissue has become widely accepted, and that the suspi­ cion with which biologists previously viewed the free radicals of radiationchemistryhas beenplacedin a broaderperspective. Now, oxygen-derived free radicals are considered respectable biochemi­ cal intermediates, given always the caveat that unwanted tissue damage may arise if these active species are produced in such abundance that they overwhelm the natural antioxidant and free­ radical defense mechanisms, or if these systems have become hypoeffective. Many factors, including several dietary manipula­ tions, can lead toelevatedproductionofsuperoxide and may result in free radical overload, whereas a deficiency of those micronutri­ ents associated with the antioxidant defense mec.hanisms may re­ sult in substantially diminished antioxidant capacity. By now, antioxidants have become a household word and al­ most everyone is aware of their imponance in protecting the body against attack by active oxygen species. Indeed, it is a paradox of nature that oxygen, which is so essential to sustain aerobic life, ul­ timately contributes to its destruction. Not surprisingly, recogni­ tion ofthis dilemma has generated a spate ofantioxidant strategies intended to reduce the risk of tissue damage by rampant oxygen radicals, some sadly based less on science than on speculation.