Urolithiasis

<p>Part I: Epidemiology.- 1. Epidemiology of Kidney Stones in the European Union.- 2. Epidemiology of Stone Disease in North America.- 3. Epidemiology of Stone Disease in Pakistan.- 4. Epidemiology of Stone Disease in Northern India.- 5. Epidemiology of Stone Disease in Kerala, South India.- 6. Epidemiology of Stone Disease in China.- 7. Epidemiology of Stone Disease in South America.- 8. Epidemiology:  South Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa.- 9. Epidemiology of Stone Disease in Australia.- 10. Epidemiology of Stone Disease in Saudi Arabia with an Overview of the Regional Differences.- 11. Epidemiology of Stone Disease in Iran.- 12. Epidemiology of Stone Disease Over a 40-Year Period in Japan.- 13. Epidemiology of Stone Disease in the Russian Federation and Post-Soviet Era.- 14. Renal Stone Disease in Different Racial Groups.- Part II: Etiology.- 15. Stone Composition and Morphology: A Window on Etiology.- 16. The Genetics of Kidney Stones.- 17. Familial Clustering of Stone Disease.- 18. Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis: Basic and Clinical Aspects.- 19. Oxalate and Urolithiasis.- 20. Anti-Inflammatory Proteins in Kidney Stone Matrix.- 21. Physiology of Renal Handling of Citrate.- 22. Urinary Citrate and Stone Disease.- 23. Renal Tubular Acidosis and Stone Formation.- 24. Nephrolithiasis and its Interrelationship with Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, and Calcium.- 25. Current Understanding of the Role of Randall’s Plaque.- 26. Melamine-Associated Urinary Stone.- 27. Trace Elements in Urolithiasis.- 28. Infection Stones.- 29. Epidemiological and Etiological Considerations.- Part III: Diagnosis.- 30. Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Stones: An Overview.- 31. Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Stone Disease in Emergency Settings.- 32. The Utilization of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Urolithiasis.- 33. The Role of Radiological Imaging.- 34. Radiation Exposure in Uroradiology.- 35. The Use of Low Dose CT Scanning.- 36. The Physics of Ultrasound and X-rays: A Primer for Urologists.- Section IV: Technology and Innovation.- 37. The Stone Surgeon/Lithotomists’ Armamentarium: Today and Tomorrow.- 38. Physics and Technique of Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL).- 39. Laser Lithotripsy Physics.- 40. Bioeffects of Shock Wave Lithotripsy.- 41. History and Development of the Ureteroscope: What Does the Future Hold?.- 42. The Operating Room Technicians’ and Nurses’ Roles in Urologic Surgery.- 43. Innovation in Stone Disease.- Part V: Management Strategies.- 44. The Management of a Patient with an Acute Stone Problem.- 45. Open Surgery: Current Status and Techniques.- 46. Shock Wave Lithotripsy: Present Indications and Future Prospects.- 47. What You Should Know about Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy and How You Can Improve Your Performance.- 48. Examples of Clinical Problems that Might Be Encountered in Patients Treated with Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy.- 49. SWL of Renal and Ureteral Stones: The Chinese Experience.- 50. Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery (RIRS).- 51. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL).- 52. Tubeless Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy.- 53. Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: The Chinese Approach.- 54. Percutaneous Nephrostomy, Antegrade Stent Placement, and Radiological Control of Post- PCNL Bleeding.- 55. Management Strategies for Staghorn Stones.- 56. Ureteral Stone Management: An Overview.- 57. Ureteroscopy for Ureteric Stones.- 58. Tricks for Successful Ureteroscopy.- 59. Lasers in Stone Disease.- 60. Ureteric Stents: Their Use and Abuse.- 61. Ureteric Stenting: Tips and Tricks.- 62. Transperitoneal Laparoscopic and Retroperitoneoscopic Stone Treatment.- 63. Role of Robotic-Assisted Surgery in the Management of Urolithiasis.- 64. Management of Urinary Bladder Calculi.- 65. Current Status of Medical Expulsion Therapy for Urinary Calculi.- 66. Dissolution of Stones by Oral and Irrigative Therapy.- 67. Traditional Chinese Medicine for Treatment of Urinary Stones.- 68. Patient Safety and the Importance of Informed Consent.- 69. Anesthesia and Pain Relief for Procedures Performed to Manage Urolithiasis.- Part VI: Management of Stones under Special Circumstances.- 70. Shock Wave Lithotripsy, Endourological Intervention, and Hemostatic Defects.- 71. Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices.- 72. Stone Disease in Pregnancy.- 73. Minimally Invasive Treatment of Calculi in Renal Anomalies.- 74. Kidney Stones and Chronic Kidney Disease.- 75. Calculus Renal Failure in Pakistan.- 76. Urolithiasis in Renal Transplant Donors and Recipients.- 77. Primary Hyperoxaluria: The Role and Timing of Liver and Kidney Transplantation.- Part VII: Pediatric Urolithiasis.- 78. Metabolic Stone Disease in Children.- 79. Pediatric Urinary Stone Disease in China.- 80. Patient Evaluation and Comparison of Stone-Removing Strategies in Pediatric Patients with Urinary Tract Stones.- 81. Pediatric Vesicle Stone.- 82. Shock Wave Lithotripsy for Renal Stone in Children.- 83. Endourological Approaches to Renal and Ureteric Calculi in Children.- Part VIII: Prevention of Recurrence.- 84. Biochemical Risk Evaluation in Patients with Urolithiasis.- 85. Application of Physical Methods to Kidney Stones and Randall’s Plaque Characterization.- 86. General and Specific Dietary Advice for the Prevention of Stone Recurrence.- 87. Overview of Stone Prevention Strategies in China.- 88. Management of Hypercalciuria and Oxalates in the Prevention of Stone Recurrence.- 89. Citrate Therapy for Calcium and Uric Acid Stones.- 90. The Importance of Water and Other Fluids in the Prevention of Stone Recurrence.- 91. Orthophospates.- 92. Management of Cystinuria.- 93. The Detection and Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Patients with Urolithiasis.- 94. Normocalcemic Hyperparathyroidism: An Illustrative Case Scenario.- 95. How to Perform a Successful Exploration of the Neck for Primary Hyperparathyroidism.- Part IX: Education, Training, Assessment, and Development.- 96. Professional Development and Competence of Physicians.- 97. Assessment in Post-Graduate Training.- 98. Assessment of Competence.- 99. Modern Concepts on Cognito-Psychomotor Skill Development.- 100. Integration of Competences.- 101. Education and Training of an Academic Urologic Surgeon.- 102. Advanced Training of a Practicing Urologist in Stone Disease Management.- 103. Across Semantic Turfs: The Need for Broader Education.- 104. Stimulating Research and Innovation in Residents Part X: Equitable Management of Stone Disease.- 105. Bringing Sophisticated High Technological Surgical Care to the Rural Masses:  What Is India Doing?.- 106. Bringing Highly Technological Urolithiasis Care to a Billion People: What Is China Doing?.- 107. Lithotriptor Sharing.- 108. Choosing and Purchasing Expensive Medical Equipment: A Hospital Perspective.- 109. Comparative Costs of Various Treatment Strategies and Preventive Measures.- 110. Financial Options for Purchase, Lease, and Hire of Lithotriptors.- 111. The Engagement of Philanthropy.- 112. The Impact on Health Care of the Recent Global Epidemiological Trends in Urolithiasis.- 113. Societal Changes and the Etiology of Stone Disease.- Part XI: Case Scenarios.- 114. Case Scenarios and Interesting Images in Urolithiasis.- Part XII: Epilogue.</p>