B. Burt Gerstman,
BB Gerstman
John Wiley & Sons
3e druk, 2013
9781444336085
Epidemiology Kept Simple – An Introduction to Traditional and Modern Epidemiology 3e
An Introduction to Traditional and Modern Epidemiology
Specificaties
Paperback, 478 blz.
|
Engels
John Wiley & Sons |
3e druk, 2013
ISBN13: 9781444336085
Rubricering
Verwachte levertijd ongeveer 9 werkdagen
Samenvatting
Epidemiology Kept Simple introduces the epidemiological principles and methods that are increasingly important in the practice of medicine and public health. With minimum use of technical language it fully explains terminology, concepts, and techniques associated with traditional and modern epidemiology. Topics include disease causality, epidemiologic measures, descriptive epidemiology, study design, clinical and primary prevention trials, observational cohort studies, case–control studies, and the consideration of random and systematic error in studies of causal factors. Chapters on the infectious disease process, outbreak investigation, and screening for disease are also included. The latter chapters introduce more advanced biostatistical and epidemiologic techniques, such as survival analysis, Mantel–Haenszel techniques, and tests for interaction.
This third edition addresses all the requirements of the American Schools of Public Health (ASPH) Epidemiological Competencies, and provides enhanced clarity and
readability on this difficult subject. Updated with new practical exercises, case studies and real world examples, this title helps you develop the necessary tools to interpret epidemiological data and prepare for board exams, and now also includes review questions at the end of each chapter.
Epidemiology Kept Simple continues to provide an introductory guide to the use of epidemiological methods for graduate and undergraduate students studying public health, health education and nursing, and for all practicing health professionals seeking professional development.
Specificaties
ISBN13:9781444336085
Taal:Engels
Bindwijze:paperback
Aantal pagina's:478
Uitgever:John Wiley & Sons
Druk:3
Inhoudsopgave
<p>Preface to the Third Edition, xi</p>
<p>Preface to the First Edition, xiii</p>
<p>Acknowledgments, xv</p>
<p>1 Epidemiology Past and Present, 1</p>
<p>1.1 Epidemiology and its uses, 2</p>
<p>1.2 Evolving patterns of morbidity and mortality, 5</p>
<p>1.3 Selected historical figures and events, 8</p>
<p>1.4 Chapter summary, 30</p>
<p>Review questions, 31</p>
<p>References, 32</p>
<p>2 Causal Concepts, 36</p>
<p>2.1 Natural history of disease, 36</p>
<p>2.2 Variability in the expression of disease, 40</p>
<p>2.3 Causal models, 41</p>
<p>2.4 Causal inference, 48</p>
<p>Exercises, 58</p>
<p>Review questions, 61</p>
<p>References, 63</p>
<p>3 Epidemiologic Measures, 66</p>
<p>3.1 Measures of disease frequency, 67</p>
<p>3.2 Measures of association, 74</p>
<p>3.3 Measures of potential impact, 79</p>
<p>3.4 Rate adjustment, 82</p>
<p>Exercises, 90</p>
<p>Review questions, 98</p>
<p>References, 99</p>
<p>Addendum: additional mathematical details, 101</p>
<p>4 Descriptive Epidemiology, 104</p>
<p>4.1 Introduction, 104</p>
<p>4.2 Epidemiologic variables, 108</p>
<p>4.3 Ecological correlations, 116</p>
<p>Exercises, 121</p>
<p>Review questions, 123</p>
<p>References, 124</p>
<p>5 Introduction to Epidemiologic Study Design, 126</p>
<p>5.1 Etiologic research, 126</p>
<p>5.2 Ethical conduct of studies involving human subjects, 129</p>
<p>5.3 Selected study design elements, 130</p>
<p>5.4 Common types of epidemiologic studies, 137</p>
<p>Exercises, 138</p>
<p>Review questions, 140</p>
<p>References, 141</p>
<p>6 Experimental Studies, 142</p>
<p>6.1 Introduction, 142</p>
<p>6.2 Historical perspective, 144</p>
<p>6.3 General concepts, 146</p>
<p>6.4 Data analysis, 152</p>
<p>Exercises, 156</p>
<p>Review questions, 157</p>
<p>References, 157</p>
<p>7 Observational Cohort Studies, 159</p>
<p>7.1 Introduction, 159</p>
<p>7.2 Historical perspective, 161</p>
<p>7.3 Assembling and following a cohort, 163</p>
<p>7.4 Prospective, retrospective, and ambidirectional cohorts, 164</p>
<p>7.5 Addressing the potential for confounding, 165</p>
<p>7.6 Data analysis, 166</p>
<p>7.7 Historically important study: Wade Hampton Frost s birth cohorts, 170</p>
<p>Exercises, 174</p>
<p>Review questions, 177</p>
<p>References, 177</p>
<p>8 Case Control Studies, 180</p>
<p>8.1 Introduction, 180</p>
<p>8.2 Identifying cases and controls, 182</p>
<p>8.3 Obtaining information on exposure, 185</p>
<p>8.4 Data analysis, 186</p>
<p>8.5 Statistical justifications of case control odds ratio as relative risks, 193</p>
<p>Exercises, 194</p>
<p>Review questions, 198</p>
<p>References, 199</p>
<p>9 Error in Epidemiologic Research, 201</p>
<p>9.1 Introduction, 201</p>
<p>9.2 Random error (imprecision), 203</p>
<p>9.3 Systematic error (bias), 209</p>
<p>Exercises, 217</p>
<p>Review questions, 219</p>
<p>References, 220</p>
<p>10 Screening for Disease, 222</p>
<p>10.1 Introduction, 223</p>
<p>10.2 Reliability (agreement), 224</p>
<p>10.3 Validity, 228</p>
<p>Summary, 238</p>
<p>Exercises, 239</p>
<p>Review questions, 243</p>
<p>References, 243</p>
<p>10.4 Chapter addendum (case study), 244</p>
<p>Further reading screening for HIV, 248</p>
<p>Further reading general concepts of screening, 248</p>
<p>Answers to case study: screening for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus, 249</p>
<p>11 The Infectious Disease Process, 255</p>
<p>11.1 The infectious disease process, 255</p>
<p>11.2 Herd immunity, 265</p>
<p>Exercises, 267</p>
<p>Review questions, 268</p>
<p>References, 270</p>
<p>12 Outbreak Investigation, 271</p>
<p>12.1 Background, 272</p>
<p>12.2 CDC prescribed investigatory steps, 273</p>
<p>Review questions, 282</p>
<p>References, 283</p>
<p>References a drug disease outbreak, 286</p>
<p>13 Confidence Intervals and p–Values, 302</p>
<p>13.1 Introduction, 303</p>
<p>13.2 Confidence intervals, 304</p>
<p>13.3 p–Values, 312</p>
<p>13.4 Minimum Bayes factors, 319</p>
<p>References, 322</p>
<p>14 Mantel Haenszel Methods, 323</p>
<p>14.1 Ways to prevent confounding, 323</p>
<p>14.2 Simpson s paradox, 325</p>
<p>14.3 Mantel Haenszel methods for risk ratios, 325</p>
<p>14.4 Mantel Haenszel methods for other measures of association, 329</p>
<p>Exercise, 335</p>
<p>References, 335</p>
<p>15 Statistical Interaction: Effect Measure Modification, 337</p>
<p>15.1 Two types of interaction, 337</p>
<p>15.2 Chi–square test for statistical, 340</p>
<p>15.3 Strategy for stratified analysis, 342</p>
<p>Exercises, 344</p>
<p>References, 345</p>
<p>16 Case Definitions and Disease Classification, 347</p>
<p>16.1 Case definitions, 347</p>
<p>16.2 International classification of disease, 351</p>
<p>16.3 Artifactual fluctuations in reported rates, 353</p>
<p>16.4 Summary, 354</p>
<p>References, 355</p>
<p>17 Survival Analysis, 356</p>
<p>17.1 Introduction, 356</p>
<p>17.2 Stratifying rates by follow–up time, 359</p>
<p>17.3 Actuarial method of survival analysis, 360</p>
<p>17.4 Kaplan Meier method of survival analysis, 362</p>
<p>17.5 Comparing the survival experience of two groups, 364</p>
<p>Exercises, 369</p>
<p>References, 371</p>
<p>18 Current Life Tables, 373</p>
<p>18.1 Introduction, 373</p>
<p>18.2 Complete life table, 374</p>
<p>18.3 Abridged life table, 380</p>
<p>Exercises, 383</p>
<p>References, 384</p>
<p>19 Random Distribution of Cases in Time and Space, 385</p>
<p>19.1 Introduction, 385</p>
<p>19.2 The Poisson distribution, 386</p>
<p>19.3 Goodness of fit of the Poisson distribution, 390</p>
<p>19.4 Summary, 394</p>
<p>Exercises, 395</p>
<p>References, 396</p>
<p>Answers to Exercises and Review Questions, 398</p>
<p>Appendix 1: 95% Confidence Limits for Poisson Counts, 434</p>
<p>Appendix 2: Tail Areas in the Standard Normal (Z) Distribution: Double These Areas for Two–Sided p–Values, 436</p>
<p>Appendix 3: Right–Tail Areas in Chi–Square Distributions, 439</p>
<p>Appendix 4: Case Study Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer, 441</p>
<p>Appendix 5: Case Study Tampons and Toxic Shock Syndrome, 448</p>
<p>Index, 455</p>
<p>Preface to the First Edition, xiii</p>
<p>Acknowledgments, xv</p>
<p>1 Epidemiology Past and Present, 1</p>
<p>1.1 Epidemiology and its uses, 2</p>
<p>1.2 Evolving patterns of morbidity and mortality, 5</p>
<p>1.3 Selected historical figures and events, 8</p>
<p>1.4 Chapter summary, 30</p>
<p>Review questions, 31</p>
<p>References, 32</p>
<p>2 Causal Concepts, 36</p>
<p>2.1 Natural history of disease, 36</p>
<p>2.2 Variability in the expression of disease, 40</p>
<p>2.3 Causal models, 41</p>
<p>2.4 Causal inference, 48</p>
<p>Exercises, 58</p>
<p>Review questions, 61</p>
<p>References, 63</p>
<p>3 Epidemiologic Measures, 66</p>
<p>3.1 Measures of disease frequency, 67</p>
<p>3.2 Measures of association, 74</p>
<p>3.3 Measures of potential impact, 79</p>
<p>3.4 Rate adjustment, 82</p>
<p>Exercises, 90</p>
<p>Review questions, 98</p>
<p>References, 99</p>
<p>Addendum: additional mathematical details, 101</p>
<p>4 Descriptive Epidemiology, 104</p>
<p>4.1 Introduction, 104</p>
<p>4.2 Epidemiologic variables, 108</p>
<p>4.3 Ecological correlations, 116</p>
<p>Exercises, 121</p>
<p>Review questions, 123</p>
<p>References, 124</p>
<p>5 Introduction to Epidemiologic Study Design, 126</p>
<p>5.1 Etiologic research, 126</p>
<p>5.2 Ethical conduct of studies involving human subjects, 129</p>
<p>5.3 Selected study design elements, 130</p>
<p>5.4 Common types of epidemiologic studies, 137</p>
<p>Exercises, 138</p>
<p>Review questions, 140</p>
<p>References, 141</p>
<p>6 Experimental Studies, 142</p>
<p>6.1 Introduction, 142</p>
<p>6.2 Historical perspective, 144</p>
<p>6.3 General concepts, 146</p>
<p>6.4 Data analysis, 152</p>
<p>Exercises, 156</p>
<p>Review questions, 157</p>
<p>References, 157</p>
<p>7 Observational Cohort Studies, 159</p>
<p>7.1 Introduction, 159</p>
<p>7.2 Historical perspective, 161</p>
<p>7.3 Assembling and following a cohort, 163</p>
<p>7.4 Prospective, retrospective, and ambidirectional cohorts, 164</p>
<p>7.5 Addressing the potential for confounding, 165</p>
<p>7.6 Data analysis, 166</p>
<p>7.7 Historically important study: Wade Hampton Frost s birth cohorts, 170</p>
<p>Exercises, 174</p>
<p>Review questions, 177</p>
<p>References, 177</p>
<p>8 Case Control Studies, 180</p>
<p>8.1 Introduction, 180</p>
<p>8.2 Identifying cases and controls, 182</p>
<p>8.3 Obtaining information on exposure, 185</p>
<p>8.4 Data analysis, 186</p>
<p>8.5 Statistical justifications of case control odds ratio as relative risks, 193</p>
<p>Exercises, 194</p>
<p>Review questions, 198</p>
<p>References, 199</p>
<p>9 Error in Epidemiologic Research, 201</p>
<p>9.1 Introduction, 201</p>
<p>9.2 Random error (imprecision), 203</p>
<p>9.3 Systematic error (bias), 209</p>
<p>Exercises, 217</p>
<p>Review questions, 219</p>
<p>References, 220</p>
<p>10 Screening for Disease, 222</p>
<p>10.1 Introduction, 223</p>
<p>10.2 Reliability (agreement), 224</p>
<p>10.3 Validity, 228</p>
<p>Summary, 238</p>
<p>Exercises, 239</p>
<p>Review questions, 243</p>
<p>References, 243</p>
<p>10.4 Chapter addendum (case study), 244</p>
<p>Further reading screening for HIV, 248</p>
<p>Further reading general concepts of screening, 248</p>
<p>Answers to case study: screening for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus, 249</p>
<p>11 The Infectious Disease Process, 255</p>
<p>11.1 The infectious disease process, 255</p>
<p>11.2 Herd immunity, 265</p>
<p>Exercises, 267</p>
<p>Review questions, 268</p>
<p>References, 270</p>
<p>12 Outbreak Investigation, 271</p>
<p>12.1 Background, 272</p>
<p>12.2 CDC prescribed investigatory steps, 273</p>
<p>Review questions, 282</p>
<p>References, 283</p>
<p>References a drug disease outbreak, 286</p>
<p>13 Confidence Intervals and p–Values, 302</p>
<p>13.1 Introduction, 303</p>
<p>13.2 Confidence intervals, 304</p>
<p>13.3 p–Values, 312</p>
<p>13.4 Minimum Bayes factors, 319</p>
<p>References, 322</p>
<p>14 Mantel Haenszel Methods, 323</p>
<p>14.1 Ways to prevent confounding, 323</p>
<p>14.2 Simpson s paradox, 325</p>
<p>14.3 Mantel Haenszel methods for risk ratios, 325</p>
<p>14.4 Mantel Haenszel methods for other measures of association, 329</p>
<p>Exercise, 335</p>
<p>References, 335</p>
<p>15 Statistical Interaction: Effect Measure Modification, 337</p>
<p>15.1 Two types of interaction, 337</p>
<p>15.2 Chi–square test for statistical, 340</p>
<p>15.3 Strategy for stratified analysis, 342</p>
<p>Exercises, 344</p>
<p>References, 345</p>
<p>16 Case Definitions and Disease Classification, 347</p>
<p>16.1 Case definitions, 347</p>
<p>16.2 International classification of disease, 351</p>
<p>16.3 Artifactual fluctuations in reported rates, 353</p>
<p>16.4 Summary, 354</p>
<p>References, 355</p>
<p>17 Survival Analysis, 356</p>
<p>17.1 Introduction, 356</p>
<p>17.2 Stratifying rates by follow–up time, 359</p>
<p>17.3 Actuarial method of survival analysis, 360</p>
<p>17.4 Kaplan Meier method of survival analysis, 362</p>
<p>17.5 Comparing the survival experience of two groups, 364</p>
<p>Exercises, 369</p>
<p>References, 371</p>
<p>18 Current Life Tables, 373</p>
<p>18.1 Introduction, 373</p>
<p>18.2 Complete life table, 374</p>
<p>18.3 Abridged life table, 380</p>
<p>Exercises, 383</p>
<p>References, 384</p>
<p>19 Random Distribution of Cases in Time and Space, 385</p>
<p>19.1 Introduction, 385</p>
<p>19.2 The Poisson distribution, 386</p>
<p>19.3 Goodness of fit of the Poisson distribution, 390</p>
<p>19.4 Summary, 394</p>
<p>Exercises, 395</p>
<p>References, 396</p>
<p>Answers to Exercises and Review Questions, 398</p>
<p>Appendix 1: 95% Confidence Limits for Poisson Counts, 434</p>
<p>Appendix 2: Tail Areas in the Standard Normal (Z) Distribution: Double These Areas for Two–Sided p–Values, 436</p>
<p>Appendix 3: Right–Tail Areas in Chi–Square Distributions, 439</p>
<p>Appendix 4: Case Study Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer, 441</p>
<p>Appendix 5: Case Study Tampons and Toxic Shock Syndrome, 448</p>
<p>Index, 455</p>