Emma (Senior Lecturer in Human Nutrition, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK) Derbyshire
Meer over de auteurs
Emma (Senior Lecturer in Human Nutrition, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK) Derbyshire,
E Derbyshire
John Wiley & Sons
e druk, 2011
9781444333053
Nutrition in the Childbearing Years
Specificaties
Paperback, 350 blz.
|
Engels
John Wiley & Sons |
e druk, 2011
ISBN13: 9781444333053
Rubricering
Verwachte levertijd ongeveer 16 werkdagen
Samenvatting
In a field saturated with complex and conflicting information, this exciting new book covers information about nutrition before, during and after pregnancy in a clear and user friendly style. The author addresses all the major aspects of the subject, moving from fertility and preparing the body for pregnancy, through to nutrient metabolism, diet and pregnancy outcome, weight gain, special needs, and postpartum changes and nutrition.
This guide′s evidence based approach will appeal to nutritionists and dietitians, and to many other health professionals who work with women in their childbearing years, including midwives, nurses and family practioners. Each chapter includes a useful set of appendices covering dietary requirements, nutritional composition of key foods and weight gain guidelines, as well as application in practice sections and a summary of key points.
Specificaties
Inhoudsopgave
Foreword xi
<p>Preface xvii</p>
<p>Dedication xviii</p>
<p>Acknowledgements xix</p>
<p>Glossary xx</p>
<p>1 Nutrition and Fertility 1</p>
<p>1.1 Introduction 1</p>
<p>1.2 Nutrition and female fertility 2</p>
<p>1.3 Nutrition and male fertility 12</p>
<p>1.4 Conclusion 20</p>
<p>2 Preparing the Body for Pregnancy 25</p>
<p>2.1 Introduction 26</p>
<p>2.2 Nutrient stores 26</p>
<p>2.3 Body weight before pregnancy 28</p>
<p>2.4 The importance of a balanced diet 29</p>
<p>2.5 What are women eating? 29</p>
<p>2.6 A note on dietary recommendations 30</p>
<p>2.7 Compliance with current recommendations 31</p>
<p>2.8 A focus on alcohol 33</p>
<p>2.9 A focus on caffeine 33</p>
<p>2.10 A focus on calcium 34</p>
<p>2.11 A focus on folate 34</p>
<p>2.12 A focus on iron 36</p>
<p>2.13 Emerging interest in choline 38</p>
<p>2.14 Multivitamin and mineral supplements 38</p>
<p>2.15 Application in practice 39</p>
<p>2.16 Food safety 39</p>
<p>2.17 Vitamin A 41</p>
<p>2.18 Fish consumption 41</p>
<p>2.19 Peanut allergy 42</p>
<p>2.20 Food additives and ingredients 43</p>
<p>2.21 Organic food 43</p>
<p>2.22 Other concerns 43</p>
<p>2.23 Application in practice 44</p>
<p>2.24 Conclusion 44</p>
<p>3 Hormonal and Physiological Changes 50</p>
<p>3.1 Introduction 50</p>
<p>3.2 Before conception 51</p>
<p>3.3 After conception 52</p>
<p>3.4 Formation of the neural tube 55</p>
<p>3.5 Foetal growth 56</p>
<p>3.6 Key hormones 57</p>
<p>3.7 Key physiological changes 61</p>
<p>3.8 Conclusion 69</p>
<p>4 Nutrient Metabolism in Pregnancy 74</p>
<p>4.1 Introduction 74</p>
<p>4.2 Energy metabolism 75</p>
<p>4.3 Carbohydrate metabolism 78</p>
<p>4.4 Lipid metabolism 80</p>
<p>4.5 Protein metabolism 83</p>
<p>4.6 Calcium metabolism 84</p>
<p>4.7 Vitamin D metabolism 87</p>
<p>4.8 Iron metabolism 89</p>
<p>4.9 Folic acid versus folate 92</p>
<p>4.10 Conclusion 95</p>
<p>5 Macronutrients and Pregnancy 100</p>
<p>5.1 Introduction 100</p>
<p>5.2 Food cravings and aversions 101</p>
<p>5.3 Energy 102</p>
<p>5.4 Carbohydrate 104</p>
<p>5.5 Sugar 106</p>
<p>5.6 Protein 107</p>
<p>5.7 Fat 109</p>
<p>5.8 Fibre 111</p>
<p>5.9 Water 113</p>
<p>5.10 Dairy products 114</p>
<p>5.11 Salt 116</p>
<p>5.12 Application in practice 116</p>
<p>5.13 Food choices 117</p>
<p>5.14 Dietary assessment 118</p>
<p>5.15 Diet quality index 119</p>
<p>5.16 Biomarkers 119</p>
<p>5.17 Application in practice 120</p>
<p>5.18 Conclusion 120</p>
<p>6 Vitamins and Pregnancy 126</p>
<p>6.1 Introduction 126</p>
<p>6.2 Vitamin A 127</p>
<p>6.3 Thiamine (vitamin B1) 129</p>
<p>6.4 Riboflavin (vitamin B2) 130</p>
<p>6.5 Niacin (vitamin B3) 130</p>
<p>6.6 Pantothenic acid (B5) 130</p>
<p>6.7 Pyridoxine (B6) 130</p>
<p>6.8 Biotin 131</p>
<p>6.9 Cobalamin (B12) 132</p>
<p>6.10 Folate 133</p>
<p>6.11 Choline 137</p>
<p>6.12 Vitamin C 138</p>
<p>6.13 Vitamin D 140</p>
<p>6.14 Vitamin E 141</p>
<p>6.15 Vitamin K 142</p>
<p>6.16 Combined vitamin deficiencies 142</p>
<p>6.17 Supplements and pregnancy 143</p>
<p>6.18 Application in practice 143</p>
<p>6.19 Conclusion 144</p>
<p>7 Minerals and Pregnancy 149</p>
<p>7.1 Introduction 149</p>
<p>7.2 Macrominerals 150</p>
<p>7.3 Microminerals 153</p>
<p>7.4 Application in practice 162</p>
<p>7.5 Conclusion 162</p>
<p>8 Diet and Pregnancy Outcome 168</p>
<p>8.1 Introduction 168</p>
<p>8.2 What is a healthy baby? 169</p>
<p>8.3 A note on Apgar scores 170</p>
<p>8.4 What is foetal growth restriction? 170</p>
<p>8.5 Poor pregnancy outcomes 170</p>
<p>8.6 Sensitive windows of pregnancy 171</p>
<p>8.7 Alcohol 172</p>
<p>8.8 Caffeine 174</p>
<p>8.9 Dietary mutagens 178</p>
<p>8.10 Pesticides 182</p>
<p>8.11 Hypospadias 182</p>
<p>8.12 Nutrigenomics 183</p>
<p>8.13 Foetal origins of adult disease 185</p>
<p>8.14 Supplements 187</p>
<p>8.15 Application in practice 190</p>
<p>8.16 Conclusion 190</p>
<p>9 Weight Gain in Pregnancy 195</p>
<p>9.1 Introduction 195</p>
<p>9.2 Body weight before pregnancy 196</p>
<p>9.3 Weight gain how much and when? 198</p>
<p>9.4 Components of weight gain 199</p>
<p>9.5 Proportions of pregnancy weight gain 199</p>
<p>9.6 Measuring body composition in pregnancy 200</p>
<p>9.7 High pregnancy weight gain 203</p>
<p>9.8 Low pregnancy weight gain 207</p>
<p>9.9 Weight gain guidelines 209</p>
<p>9.10 Multiple foetuses 210</p>
<p>9.11 Weight retention 210</p>
<p>9.12 Weight loss interventions 211</p>
<p>9.13 What about physical activity? 211</p>
<p>9.14 A note on weight management 212</p>
<p>9.15 Application in practice 212</p>
<p>9.16 Conclusion 213</p>
<p>10 Special Cases 218</p>
<p>10.1 Introduction 218</p>
<p>10.2 Pregnant adolescents 219</p>
<p>10.3 Advanced maternal age 223</p>
<p>10.4 Multifoetal pregnancies 224</p>
<p>10.5 Maternal obesity 227</p>
<p>10.6 Diabetic mothers 228</p>
<p>10.7 Phenylketonuria (PKU) in pregnancy 230</p>
<p>10.8 Vegetarian mothers 231</p>
<p>10.9 Alternative dietary practices 232</p>
<p>10.10 Nutrition and culture 234</p>
<p>10.11 Conclusion 235</p>
<p>11 Physiological and Hormonal Changes after Birth 241</p>
<p>11.1 Introduction 241</p>
<p>11.2 When is ′postpartum′? 242</p>
<p>11.3 Changes after birth 242</p>
<p>11.4 Lactogenesis 247</p>
<p>11.5 A note on colostrum 251</p>
<p>11.6 What is transitional milk? 251</p>
<p>11.7 Nutritional composition of milk 251</p>
<p>11.8 Milk synthesis use it or lose it 252</p>
<p>11.9 Milk volume 253</p>
<p>11.10 Breastfeeding as contraception 254</p>
<p>11.11 Breast cancer risk 254</p>
<p>11.12 Body weight after birth 254</p>
<p>11.13 Breastfeeding and body weight 255</p>
<p>11.14 Body composition changes 256</p>
<p>11.15 Exercise and breastfeeding 256</p>
<p>11.16 Weight loss interventions 257</p>
<p>11.17 Conclusion 257</p>
<p>12 Nutrition after Birth 262</p>
<p>12.1 Introduction 262</p>
<p>12.2 Is breast best? 263</p>
<p>12.3 What s in breast milk? 264</p>
<p>12.4 Breastfeeding for how long? 264</p>
<p>12.5 Who is breastfeeding? 266</p>
<p>12.6 Infant feeding survey 267</p>
<p>12.7 Why do women stop breastfeeding? 267</p>
<p>12.8 Feeding and infant growth 269</p>
<p>12.9 Dietary requirements after birth 269</p>
<p>12.10 Vegetarian and vegan mothers 276</p>
<p>12.11 Feeding multiples 276</p>
<p>12.12 Allergy risk 276</p>
<p>12.13 Postnatal depression 277</p>
<p>12.14 Supplement use after birth 279</p>
<p>12.15 Healthy eating from an early age 280</p>
<p>12.16 Application in practice 280</p>
<p>12.17 Conclusion 281</p>
<p>APPENDICES.</p>
<p>Appendix 1 International definitions of indices used to form dietary recommendations 289</p>
<p>Appendix 2 Recommended nutrient intakes for women of childbearing age (19 50 years) 290</p>
<p>Appendix 3 Recommended nutrient intakes for pregnancy 292</p>
<p>Appendix 4 Recommended nutrient intakes for breastfeeding mothers 293</p>
<p>Appendix 5 Recommended nutrient intakes for pregnant and lactating adolescents (14 18 years) 294</p>
<p>Appendix 6 Suggested nutritional recommendations for twin pregnancies 295</p>
<p>Appendix 7 Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals 296</p>
<p>Appendix 8 Institute of Medicine pregnancy weight gain guidelines 297</p>
<p>Appendix 9 Examples of common food safety concerns 298</p>
<p>References 301</p>
<p>CASE STUDIES</p>
<p>Planning a pregnancy 305</p>
<p>Older mother 307</p>
<p>Multifetal pregnancy 308</p>
<p>Teenage mother 310</p>
<p>Vegetarian mother 311</p>
<p>Breastfeeding mother 313</p>
<p>Overweight mother 314</p>
<p>Index 315</p>
<p>Preface xvii</p>
<p>Dedication xviii</p>
<p>Acknowledgements xix</p>
<p>Glossary xx</p>
<p>1 Nutrition and Fertility 1</p>
<p>1.1 Introduction 1</p>
<p>1.2 Nutrition and female fertility 2</p>
<p>1.3 Nutrition and male fertility 12</p>
<p>1.4 Conclusion 20</p>
<p>2 Preparing the Body for Pregnancy 25</p>
<p>2.1 Introduction 26</p>
<p>2.2 Nutrient stores 26</p>
<p>2.3 Body weight before pregnancy 28</p>
<p>2.4 The importance of a balanced diet 29</p>
<p>2.5 What are women eating? 29</p>
<p>2.6 A note on dietary recommendations 30</p>
<p>2.7 Compliance with current recommendations 31</p>
<p>2.8 A focus on alcohol 33</p>
<p>2.9 A focus on caffeine 33</p>
<p>2.10 A focus on calcium 34</p>
<p>2.11 A focus on folate 34</p>
<p>2.12 A focus on iron 36</p>
<p>2.13 Emerging interest in choline 38</p>
<p>2.14 Multivitamin and mineral supplements 38</p>
<p>2.15 Application in practice 39</p>
<p>2.16 Food safety 39</p>
<p>2.17 Vitamin A 41</p>
<p>2.18 Fish consumption 41</p>
<p>2.19 Peanut allergy 42</p>
<p>2.20 Food additives and ingredients 43</p>
<p>2.21 Organic food 43</p>
<p>2.22 Other concerns 43</p>
<p>2.23 Application in practice 44</p>
<p>2.24 Conclusion 44</p>
<p>3 Hormonal and Physiological Changes 50</p>
<p>3.1 Introduction 50</p>
<p>3.2 Before conception 51</p>
<p>3.3 After conception 52</p>
<p>3.4 Formation of the neural tube 55</p>
<p>3.5 Foetal growth 56</p>
<p>3.6 Key hormones 57</p>
<p>3.7 Key physiological changes 61</p>
<p>3.8 Conclusion 69</p>
<p>4 Nutrient Metabolism in Pregnancy 74</p>
<p>4.1 Introduction 74</p>
<p>4.2 Energy metabolism 75</p>
<p>4.3 Carbohydrate metabolism 78</p>
<p>4.4 Lipid metabolism 80</p>
<p>4.5 Protein metabolism 83</p>
<p>4.6 Calcium metabolism 84</p>
<p>4.7 Vitamin D metabolism 87</p>
<p>4.8 Iron metabolism 89</p>
<p>4.9 Folic acid versus folate 92</p>
<p>4.10 Conclusion 95</p>
<p>5 Macronutrients and Pregnancy 100</p>
<p>5.1 Introduction 100</p>
<p>5.2 Food cravings and aversions 101</p>
<p>5.3 Energy 102</p>
<p>5.4 Carbohydrate 104</p>
<p>5.5 Sugar 106</p>
<p>5.6 Protein 107</p>
<p>5.7 Fat 109</p>
<p>5.8 Fibre 111</p>
<p>5.9 Water 113</p>
<p>5.10 Dairy products 114</p>
<p>5.11 Salt 116</p>
<p>5.12 Application in practice 116</p>
<p>5.13 Food choices 117</p>
<p>5.14 Dietary assessment 118</p>
<p>5.15 Diet quality index 119</p>
<p>5.16 Biomarkers 119</p>
<p>5.17 Application in practice 120</p>
<p>5.18 Conclusion 120</p>
<p>6 Vitamins and Pregnancy 126</p>
<p>6.1 Introduction 126</p>
<p>6.2 Vitamin A 127</p>
<p>6.3 Thiamine (vitamin B1) 129</p>
<p>6.4 Riboflavin (vitamin B2) 130</p>
<p>6.5 Niacin (vitamin B3) 130</p>
<p>6.6 Pantothenic acid (B5) 130</p>
<p>6.7 Pyridoxine (B6) 130</p>
<p>6.8 Biotin 131</p>
<p>6.9 Cobalamin (B12) 132</p>
<p>6.10 Folate 133</p>
<p>6.11 Choline 137</p>
<p>6.12 Vitamin C 138</p>
<p>6.13 Vitamin D 140</p>
<p>6.14 Vitamin E 141</p>
<p>6.15 Vitamin K 142</p>
<p>6.16 Combined vitamin deficiencies 142</p>
<p>6.17 Supplements and pregnancy 143</p>
<p>6.18 Application in practice 143</p>
<p>6.19 Conclusion 144</p>
<p>7 Minerals and Pregnancy 149</p>
<p>7.1 Introduction 149</p>
<p>7.2 Macrominerals 150</p>
<p>7.3 Microminerals 153</p>
<p>7.4 Application in practice 162</p>
<p>7.5 Conclusion 162</p>
<p>8 Diet and Pregnancy Outcome 168</p>
<p>8.1 Introduction 168</p>
<p>8.2 What is a healthy baby? 169</p>
<p>8.3 A note on Apgar scores 170</p>
<p>8.4 What is foetal growth restriction? 170</p>
<p>8.5 Poor pregnancy outcomes 170</p>
<p>8.6 Sensitive windows of pregnancy 171</p>
<p>8.7 Alcohol 172</p>
<p>8.8 Caffeine 174</p>
<p>8.9 Dietary mutagens 178</p>
<p>8.10 Pesticides 182</p>
<p>8.11 Hypospadias 182</p>
<p>8.12 Nutrigenomics 183</p>
<p>8.13 Foetal origins of adult disease 185</p>
<p>8.14 Supplements 187</p>
<p>8.15 Application in practice 190</p>
<p>8.16 Conclusion 190</p>
<p>9 Weight Gain in Pregnancy 195</p>
<p>9.1 Introduction 195</p>
<p>9.2 Body weight before pregnancy 196</p>
<p>9.3 Weight gain how much and when? 198</p>
<p>9.4 Components of weight gain 199</p>
<p>9.5 Proportions of pregnancy weight gain 199</p>
<p>9.6 Measuring body composition in pregnancy 200</p>
<p>9.7 High pregnancy weight gain 203</p>
<p>9.8 Low pregnancy weight gain 207</p>
<p>9.9 Weight gain guidelines 209</p>
<p>9.10 Multiple foetuses 210</p>
<p>9.11 Weight retention 210</p>
<p>9.12 Weight loss interventions 211</p>
<p>9.13 What about physical activity? 211</p>
<p>9.14 A note on weight management 212</p>
<p>9.15 Application in practice 212</p>
<p>9.16 Conclusion 213</p>
<p>10 Special Cases 218</p>
<p>10.1 Introduction 218</p>
<p>10.2 Pregnant adolescents 219</p>
<p>10.3 Advanced maternal age 223</p>
<p>10.4 Multifoetal pregnancies 224</p>
<p>10.5 Maternal obesity 227</p>
<p>10.6 Diabetic mothers 228</p>
<p>10.7 Phenylketonuria (PKU) in pregnancy 230</p>
<p>10.8 Vegetarian mothers 231</p>
<p>10.9 Alternative dietary practices 232</p>
<p>10.10 Nutrition and culture 234</p>
<p>10.11 Conclusion 235</p>
<p>11 Physiological and Hormonal Changes after Birth 241</p>
<p>11.1 Introduction 241</p>
<p>11.2 When is ′postpartum′? 242</p>
<p>11.3 Changes after birth 242</p>
<p>11.4 Lactogenesis 247</p>
<p>11.5 A note on colostrum 251</p>
<p>11.6 What is transitional milk? 251</p>
<p>11.7 Nutritional composition of milk 251</p>
<p>11.8 Milk synthesis use it or lose it 252</p>
<p>11.9 Milk volume 253</p>
<p>11.10 Breastfeeding as contraception 254</p>
<p>11.11 Breast cancer risk 254</p>
<p>11.12 Body weight after birth 254</p>
<p>11.13 Breastfeeding and body weight 255</p>
<p>11.14 Body composition changes 256</p>
<p>11.15 Exercise and breastfeeding 256</p>
<p>11.16 Weight loss interventions 257</p>
<p>11.17 Conclusion 257</p>
<p>12 Nutrition after Birth 262</p>
<p>12.1 Introduction 262</p>
<p>12.2 Is breast best? 263</p>
<p>12.3 What s in breast milk? 264</p>
<p>12.4 Breastfeeding for how long? 264</p>
<p>12.5 Who is breastfeeding? 266</p>
<p>12.6 Infant feeding survey 267</p>
<p>12.7 Why do women stop breastfeeding? 267</p>
<p>12.8 Feeding and infant growth 269</p>
<p>12.9 Dietary requirements after birth 269</p>
<p>12.10 Vegetarian and vegan mothers 276</p>
<p>12.11 Feeding multiples 276</p>
<p>12.12 Allergy risk 276</p>
<p>12.13 Postnatal depression 277</p>
<p>12.14 Supplement use after birth 279</p>
<p>12.15 Healthy eating from an early age 280</p>
<p>12.16 Application in practice 280</p>
<p>12.17 Conclusion 281</p>
<p>APPENDICES.</p>
<p>Appendix 1 International definitions of indices used to form dietary recommendations 289</p>
<p>Appendix 2 Recommended nutrient intakes for women of childbearing age (19 50 years) 290</p>
<p>Appendix 3 Recommended nutrient intakes for pregnancy 292</p>
<p>Appendix 4 Recommended nutrient intakes for breastfeeding mothers 293</p>
<p>Appendix 5 Recommended nutrient intakes for pregnant and lactating adolescents (14 18 years) 294</p>
<p>Appendix 6 Suggested nutritional recommendations for twin pregnancies 295</p>
<p>Appendix 7 Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals 296</p>
<p>Appendix 8 Institute of Medicine pregnancy weight gain guidelines 297</p>
<p>Appendix 9 Examples of common food safety concerns 298</p>
<p>References 301</p>
<p>CASE STUDIES</p>
<p>Planning a pregnancy 305</p>
<p>Older mother 307</p>
<p>Multifetal pregnancy 308</p>
<p>Teenage mother 310</p>
<p>Vegetarian mother 311</p>
<p>Breastfeeding mother 313</p>
<p>Overweight mother 314</p>
<p>Index 315</p>