Foreword; B.Grofman INTRODUCTION The Strategy and History of Electoral System Choice; J.M.Colomer THE AMERICAS The Americas: General Overview; J.M.Colomer Argentina: Compromising on a Qualified-Plurality System; G.L.Negretto Brazil: Democratizing with Majority-Runoff; J.M.Nicolau Costa Rica: Modifying Majoritarianism with 40 Percent Threshold; F.Lehoucq Mexico: Designing Electoral Rules by a Dominant Party; A.Diaz-Cayeros & B.Magaloni United States: The Past: Moving from Diversity to Unified Single Member Districts; E.Engstrom United States: The Future: Reconsidering Single-Member Districts and the Electoral College; R.L.Engstrom WESTERN EUROPE Western Europe: General Overview; J.M.Colomer France: Reform-mongering Between Majority-Runoff and Proportionality; G.Alexander Germany: Partisan Engineering of Personalized Proportional Representation; M.Kreuzer Italy: Lofty Ambitions and Unintended Consequences; D.Gambetta & S.Warner Spain: From Civil War to Proportional Representation; J.M.Colomer Sweden: Introducing Proportional Representation From Above; L.Lewin Switzerland: Introducing Proportional Representation From Below; G.Lutz United Kingdom: Reforming the Westminster Model; P.Dunleavy & H.Margetts EASTERN EUROPE Eastern Europe: General Overview; C.Flores Juberías The Baltics: Independence with Divergent Electoral Systems; E.Mikkel & V.Pettai Czech Republic: Entrenching Proportional Representation; P.Kopecký Hungary: Compromising Mid-way on a Mixed System; J.W.Schiemann Poland: Learning to Manipulate Electoral Rules; M.Kaminski Russia: Compromising a Long Lasting Transitional Formula; O.Shvetsova AFRICA Africa: Dictatorial and Democratic Electoral Systems since 1946; M.Golder & L.Wantchekon Africa: Electoral Systems in Emerging Democracies; S.Mozaffar South Africa: Proportional Representation in the Puzzle to Stabilize Democracy; A.Reynolds ASIA AND PACIFIC Asia and Pacific: General Overview; A.Hicken Australia: Replacing Plurality Rule with Majority-Preferential Voting; M.Sawer India: Majoritarian Democracy from Above; S.K.Mitra Indonesia: Transition and Change, but Electoral System Continuity; A.Ellis Japan: Manipulating Multi-member Districts: From SNTV to a Mixed System; J.Wada New Zealand: Reform by (Nearly) Immaculate Design; J.H.Nagel Glossary and Index; J.M.Colomer