The Reality That Ought to Be: Problems and Critical Issues.- A First Glance.- Dualism and Interaction Between the Reality that Ought to Be and the Reality that is: Validity as a Pineal Gland.- Taking a Dive Into the Sources of Law.- The Problem of the Matrix.- The Reality That Ought to Be: A Monistic Perspective. Norms as Beliefs and as Motives of Behaviour.- The Motives of Human Behaviour.- Norms As Beliefs.- How Norms Proliferate in Human Brains.- Family Portraits. Law as Interference in the Motives of Behaviour.- No Law Without Norms.- But Norms are Not Enough. the Interaction Between Language and Motives of Behaviour.- The Law in Force: an Ambiguous Intertwining of Normativeness and Organised Power.- In Search of Confirming Others.- The Reality that Ought to Be as Fate.- What is Right in Homeric Epic.- What is Right, What Is Just, Ratio As Type: Sanctus Thoma Docet.- The Law and What is Right. Hans Kelsen Under Suspicion.- Nature and Culture.- What Does “Foundations” Mean?.- What Does “Foundations” Mean?.- The Explanandum: What is Law?.- The Explanandum: What is Law?.- Extra-Legal Foundations of Law—Variations on Legally External Foundations.- Extra-Legal Foundations of Law—Variations on Legally External Foundations.- Internal Foundations of Law.- Internal Foundations of Law.- Anti-Foundationalism.- Anti-Foundationalism.- General Tendencies.- General Tendencies.- Problems of Explanation.- Problems of Explanation.- Summary.- Summary.- Legislation.- Legislation.- Precedent.- Precedent.- Custom.- Custom.- Delegation.- Delegation.- Constitutions.- Constitutions.- Sources of Law in the Civil Law.- Sources of Law in the Civil Law.- International Law.- International Law.- Authority.- Authority.- Legal Doctrine and Legal Theory.- Legal Doctrine and Legal Theory.- Particular Legal Doctrine.- Particular Legal Doctrine.- Criticism and Defence of Legal Doctrine.- Criticism and Defence of Legal Doctrine.- Law And Morality.- Law And Morality.- Coherence in Legal Doctrine.- Coherence in Legal Doctrine.- Metatheory and Ontology for Legal Doctrine.- Metatheory and Ontology for Legal Doctrine.- Conclusions.- Conclusions.- Legal Reasoning and Practical Rationality.- Practical Rationality.- Basic Forms of Reasoning.- The Doxification of Practical Reasoning.- Rationalisation, Reflexivity, Universality.- Bounded Rationality: Cognitive Delegation.- Bounded Rationality: Factors.- Preference-Based Reasoning: Rules.- Preference-Based Reasoning: Factors.- Multi-Agent Practical Reasoning.- Collective Intentionality.- Collective Cognition and Dialogues.- Cognitive and Legal Bindingness.- The Foundation of Legal Bindingness.- Legal Logic.- Law and Logic.- Classical Logic and the Law.- Actions.- Deontic Notions.- Negation, Permission, and Completeness.- Obligational Concepts.- Normative Conditionals and Legal Inference.- Varieties of Normative Conditionals.- Potestative Concepts.- Proclamations.- Proclamative Power.- Normative Texts and Sources of Law.- Argumentation Frameworks.- Argument Logic.- Cases and Theory Construction.- Theory-Based Dialectics.- Conclusion.- Conclusion.