Jawetz Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology 28 E

Preface <br/> Section I Fundamentals of Microbiology <br/> 1. The Science of Microbiology <br/> Introduction <br/> Biologic Principles Illustrated by Microbiology <br/> Viruses <br/> Prions <br/> Prokaryotes <br/> Protists <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 2. Cell Structure <br/> Optical Methods <br/> Eukaryotic Cell Structure <br/> Prokaryotic Cell Structure <br/> Staining <br/> Morphologic Changes During Growth <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 3. Classification of Bacteria <br/> Taxonomy—The Vocabulary of Medical Microbiology <br/> Criteria for Identification of Bacteria <br/> Classification Systems <br/> Description of the Major Categories and Groups of Bacteria <br/> Nonculture Methods for the Identification of Pathogenic Microorganisms <br/> Updates to Taxonomic Changes <br/> Objectives <br/> Review Questions <br/> 4. Growth, Survival, and Death of Microorganisms <br/> Survival of Microorganisms in the Natural Environment <br/> The Meaning of Growth <br/> Exponential Growth <br/> The Growth Curve in Batch Culture <br/> Maintenance of Cells in the Exponential Phase <br/> Growth in Biofilms <br/> Definition and Measurement of Death <br/> Environmental Control of Microbial Growth <br/> Strategies to Control Bacteria at the Environmental Level <br/> General Mechanisms of Biocide Action <br/> Specific Actions of Selected Biocides <br/> Relationship of Biocide Concentration and Time on Antimicrobial Killing <br/> Summary <br/> Key Concepts <br/> Review Questions <br/> 5. Cultivation of Microorganisms <br/> Requirements for Growth <br/> Sources of Metabolic Energy <br/> Nutrition <br/> Environmental Factors Affecting Growth <br/> Cultivation Methods <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 6. Microbial Metabolism <br/> Role of Metabolism in Biosynthesis and Growth <br/> Focal Metabolites and Their Interconversion <br/> Assimilatory Pathways <br/> Biosynthetic Pathways <br/> Patterns of Microbial Energy-Yielding Metabolism <br/> Regulation of Metabolic Pathways <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 7. Microbial Genetics <br/> Nucleic Acids and Their Organization in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, and Viral Genomes <br/> Replication <br/> Transfer of DNA <br/> Mutation and Gene Rearrangement <br/> Gene Expression <br/> Genetic Engineering <br/> Characterization of Cloned DNA <br/> Site-Directed Mutagenesis <br/> Analysis of DNA, RNA, or Protein-Expressing Clones <br/> Manipulation of Cloned DNA <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> Section II Immunology <br/> 8. Immunology <br/> Overview <br/> Innate Immunity <br/> Adaptive Immunity <br/> Complement <br/> Cytokines <br/> Microbiome and Immune System <br/> Hypersensitivity <br/> Defects of the Immune Response <br/> Tumor Immunology <br/> Clinical Immunology Laboratory (Diagnostic Testing) <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> Section III Bacteriology <br/> 9. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection <br/> Identifying Bacteria That Cause Disease <br/> Transmission of Infection <br/> The Infectious Process <br/> Genomics and Bacterial Pathogenicity <br/> Regulation of Bacterial Virulence Factors <br/> Bacterial Virulence Factors <br/> The Damage-Response Framework—A New Paradigm of Microbial Virulence and Pathogenicity <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 10. Normal Human Microbiota <br/> Human Microbiome Project <br/> Role of the Resident Microbiota <br/> Normal Microbiota of the Skin <br/> Normal Microbiota of the Mouth and Upper Respiratory Tract <br/> Normal Microbiota of the Urethra <br/> Normal Microbiota of the Vagina <br/> Normal Microbiota of the Placenta and Uterus <br/> Normal Microbiota of the Conjunctiva <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 11. Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli: Bacillus and Clostridium Species <br/> Bacillus species <br/> Bacillus anthracis <br/> Bacillus cereus <br/> Clostridium species <br/> Clostridium botulinum <br/> Clostridium tetani <br/> Clostridia That Produce Invasive Infections <br/> Clostridium difficile and Diarrheal Disease <br/> Review Questions <br/> 12. Aerobic Non–Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli: Corynebacterium, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Nocardia, and Related Pathogens <br/> Corynebacterium diphtheriae <br/> Other Coryneform Bacteria <br/> Listeria monocytogenes <br/> Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae <br/> Rhodococcus equi <br/> Nocardiosis <br/> Review Questions <br/> 13. The Staphylococci <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 14. The Streptococci, Enterococci, and Related Genera <br/> Classification of Streptococci <br/> Streptococci, Enterococci, and Related Genera of Particular Medical Interest <br/> Streptococcus pyogenes <br/> Streptococcus agalactiae <br/> Groups C and G <br/> Group D Streptococci <br/> Streptococcus anginosus Group <br/> Groups E, F, G, H, and K–U Streptococci <br/> Viridans Streptococci <br/> Nutritionally Variant Streptococci <br/> Peptostreptococcus and Related Genera <br/> Streptococcus pneumoniae <br/> Enterococci <br/> Other Catalase-Negative Gram-Positive Cocci <br/> Review Questions <br/> 15. Enteric Gram-Negative Rods (Enterobacteriaceae) <br/> Classification <br/> Diseases Caused by Enterobacteriaceae Other Than Salmonella and Shigella <br/> The Shigellae <br/> The Salmonellae <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 16. Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas <br/> The Pseudomonad Group <br/> Pseudomonas aeruginosa <br/> Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei <br/> Burkholderia cepacia Complex <br/> Stenotrophomonas maltophilia <br/> Acinetobacter <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 17. Vibrio, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter <br/> The Vibrios <br/> Vibrio cholerae <br/> Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus <br/> Aeromonas species <br/> Campylobacter <br/> Campylobacter jejuni <br/> Helicobacter pylori <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 18. Haemophilus, Bordetella, Brucella, and Francisella <br/> The Haemophilus species <br/> Haemophilus influenzae <br/> Haemophilus aegypticus <br/> Aggregatibacter aphrophilus <br/> Haemophilus ducreyi <br/> Other Haemophilus Species <br/> The Bordetellae <br/> Bordetella pertussis <br/> Bordetella parapertussis <br/> Bordetella bronchiseptica <br/> Francisella tularensis and Tularemia <br/> Review Questions <br/> 19. Yersinia and Pasteurella <br/> Yersinia pestis and Plague <br/> Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis <br/> Pasteurella multocida <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 20. The Neisseriae <br/> Neisseria gonorrhoeae <br/> Neisseria meningitidis <br/> Other Neisseriae <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 21. Infections Caused by Anaerobic Bacteria <br/> Physiology and Growth Conditions for Anaerobes <br/> Anaerobic Bacteria Found in Human Infections <br/> Bacteria That Cause Vaginosis <br/> Gardnerella vaginalis <br/> Pathogenesis of Anaerobic Infections <br/> The Polymicrobial Nature of Anaerobic Infections <br/> Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections <br/> Treatment of Anaerobic Infections <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 22. Legionella, Bartonella, and Unusual Bacterial Pathogens <br/> Legionella pneumophila and Other Legionellae <br/> Bartonella <br/> Streptobacillus moniliformis <br/> Whipple Disease <br/> Review Questions <br/> 23. Mycobacteria <br/> Mycobacterium tuberculosis <br/> Other Mycobacterium <br/> Mycobacterium leprae <br/> Review Questions <br/> 24. Spirochetes: Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira <br/> Treponema pallidum and Syphilis <br/> Borrelia <br/> Borrelia species and Relapsing Fever <br/> Borrelia burgdorferi and Lyme Disease <br/> Leptospira and Leptospirosis <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 25. Mycoplasmas and Cell Wall–Defective Bacteria <br/> Mycoplasmas <br/> Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Atypical Pneumonias <br/> Mycoplasma hominis <br/> Ureaplasma urealyticum <br/> Mycoplasma genitalium <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 26. Rickettsia and Related Genera <br/> General <br/> Rickettsia and Orientia <br/> Ehrlichia and Anaplasma <br/> Coxiella burnetii <br/> Review Questions <br/> 27. Chlamydia spp. <br/> Chlamydia trachomatis Ocular, Genital, and Respiratory Infections <br/> Trachoma <br/> Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections and Inclusion Conjunctivitis <br/> Chlamydia trachomatis and Neonatal Pneumonia <br/> Lymphogranuloma Venereum <br/> Chlamydia pneumoniae and Respiratory Infections <br/> Chlamydia psittaci and Psittacosis <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 28. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy <br/> Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Drugs <br/> Selective Toxicity <br/> Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis <br/> Inhibition/Alteration of Cell Membrane Function <br/> Inhibition of Protein Synthesis <br/> Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis <br/> Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs <br/> Origin of Drug Resistance <br/> Cross-Resistance <br/> Limitation of Drug Resistance <br/> Clinical Implications of Drug Resistance <br/> Antimicrobial Activity in vitro <br/> Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity <br/> Measurement of Antimicrobial Activity <br/> Antimicrobial Activity in vivo <br/> Drug–Pathogen Relationships <br/> Host–Pathogen Relationships <br/> Clinical Use of Antibiotics <br/> Selection of Antibiotics <br/> Dangers of Indiscriminate Use <br/> Antimicrobial Drugs Used in Combination <br/> Antimicrobial Chemoprophylaxis <br/> Antimicrobial Drugs For Systemic Administration <br/> Penicillins <br/> Cephalosporins <br/> Other β-Lactam Drugs <br/> Tetracyclines <br/> Glycylcyclines <br/> Chloramphenicol <br/> Macrolides <br/> Clindamycin and Lincomycin <br/> Glycopeptides, Lipopeptides, Lipoglycopeptides <br/> Streptogramins <br/> Oxazolidinones <br/> Bacitracin <br/> Polymyxins <br/> Aminoglycosides <br/> Quinolones <br/> Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim <br/> Other Drugs With Specialized Uses <b
r/> Drugs Used Primarily to Treat Mycobacterial Infections <br/> Review Questions <br/> Section IV Virology <br/> 29. General Properties of Viruses <br/> Terms and Definitions in Virology <br/> Evolutionary Origin of Viruses <br/> Classification of Viruses <br/> Principles of Virus Structure <br/> Chemical Composition of Viruses <br/> Cultivation and Detection of Viruses <br/> Purification and Identification of Viruses <br/> Laboratory Safety <br/> Reaction to Physical and Chemical Agents <br/> Replication of Viruses: An Overview <br/> Genetics of Animal Viruses <br/> Natural History (Ecology) and Modes of Transmission of Viruses <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 30. Pathogenesis and Control of Viral Diseases <br/> Principles of Viral Diseases <br/> Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases <br/> Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 31. Parvoviruses <br/> Properties of Parvoviruses <br/> Parvovirus Infections in Humans <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 32. Adenoviruses <br/> Properties of Adenoviruses <br/> Adenovirus Infections in Humans <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 33. Herpesviruses <br/> Properties of Herpesviruses <br/> Herpesvirus Infections in Humans <br/> Herpes Simplex Viruses <br/> Varicella-Zoster Virus <br/> Epstein-Barr Virus <br/> Cytomegalovirus <br/> Human Herpesvirus 6 <br/> Human Herpesvirus 7 <br/> Human Herpesvirus 8 <br/> Herpes B Virus <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 34. Poxviruses <br/> Properties of Poxviruses <br/> Poxvirus Infections in Humans: Vaccinia and Variola <br/> Monkeypox Infections <br/> Cowpox Infections <br/> Buffalopox Infections <br/> Orf Virus Infections <br/> Molluscum Contagiosum <br/> Tanapox and Yaba Monkey Tumor Poxvirus Infections <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 35. Hepatitis Viruses <br/> Properties of Hepatitis Viruses <br/> Hepatitis Virus Infections in Humans <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 36. Picornaviruses (Enterovirus and Rhinovirus Groups) <br/> Properties of Picornaviruses <br/> Enterovirus Group <br/> Polioviruses <br/> Coxsackieviruses <br/> Other Enteroviruses <br/> Enteroviruses in the Environment <br/> Rhinoviruses <br/> Parechovirus Group <br/> Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Aphthovirus of Cattle) <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 37. Reoviruses, Rotaviruses, and Caliciviruses <br/> Reoviruses and Rotaviruses <br/> Rotaviruses <br/> Reoviruses <br/> Orbiviruses and Coltiviruses <br/> Caliciviruses <br/> Astroviruses <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 38. Arthropod-Borne and Rodent-Borne Viral Diseases <br/> Human Arbovirus Infections <br/> Togavirus and Flavivirus Encephalitis <br/> Yellow Fever Virus <br/> Dengue Virus <br/> Bunyavirus Encephalitis Viruses <br/> Sandfly Fever Virus <br/> Rift Valley Fever Virus <br/> Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus <br/> Heartland Virus <br/> Colorado Tick Fever Virus <br/> Rodent-Borne Hemorrhagic Fevers <br/> Bunyavirus Diseases <br/> Arenavirus Diseases <br/> Filovirus Diseases <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 39. Orthomyxoviruses (Influenza Viruses) <br/> Properties of Orthomyxoviruses <br/> Influenza Virus Infections in Humans <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 40. Paramyxoviruses and Rubella Virus <br/> Properties of Paramyxoviruses <br/> Parainfluenza Virus Infections <br/> Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections <br/> Human Metapneumovirus Infections <br/> Mumps Virus Infections <br/> Measles (Rubeola) Virus Infections <br/> Hendra Virus and Nipah Virus Infections <br/> Rubella (German Measles) Virus Infections <br/> Postnatal Rubella <br/> Congenital Rubella Syndrome <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 41. Coronaviruses <br/> Properties of Coronaviruses <br/> Coronavirus Infections in Humans <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 42. Rabies, Slow Virus Infections, and Prion Diseases <br/> Rabies <br/> Borna Disease <br/> Slow Virus Infections and Prion Diseases <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 43. Human Cancer Viruses <br/> General Features of Viral Carcinogenesis <br/> Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis <br/> Interactions of Tumor Viruses with Their Hosts <br/> RNA Tumor Viruses <br/> Hepatitis C Virus <br/> Retroviruses <br/> DNA Tumor Viruses <br/> Hepatitis B Virus <br/> Polyomaviruses <br/> Papillomaviruses <br/> Adenoviruses <br/> Herpesviruses <br/> Poxviruses <br/> How to Prove That a Virus Causes Human Cancer <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> 44. AIDS and Lentiviruses <br/> Properties of Lentiviruses <br/> HIV Infections in Humans <br/> Chapter Summary <br/> Review Questions <br/> Section V Mycology <br/> 45. Medical Mycology <br/> General Properties, Virulence, and Classification of Pathogenic Fungi <br/> Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycoses <br/> Superficial Mycoses <br/> Cutaneous Mycoses <br/> Key Concepts: Superficial and Cutaneous Mycoses <br/> Subcutaneous Mycoses <br/> Sporotrichosis <br/> Chromoblastomycosis <br/> Phaeohyphomycosis <br/> Mycetoma <br/> Key Concepts: Subcutaneous Mycoses <br/> Endemic Mycoses <br/> Coccidioidomycosis <br/> Histoplasmosis <br/> Blastomycosis <br/> Paracoccidioidomycosis <br/> Key Concepts: Endemic Mycoses <br/> Opportunistic Mycoses <br/> Candidiasis <br/> Cryptococcosis <br/> Aspergillosis <br/> Mucormycosis <br/> Pneumocystis Pneumonia <br/> Penicilliosis <br/> Other Opportunistic Mycoses <br/> Emerging Pathogens <br/> Key Concepts: Opportunistic Mycoses <br/> Antifungal Prophylaxis <br/> Hypersensitivity to Fungi <br/> Mycotoxins <br/> Antifungal Chemotherapies <br/> Topical Antifungal Agents <br/> Key Concepts: Antifungal Chemotherapy <br/> Review Questions <br/> Section VI Parasitology <br/> 46. Medical Parasitology <br/> Classification of Parasites <br/> Intestinal Protozoan Infections <br/> Giardia lamblia (Intestinal Flagellate) <br/> Entamoeba histolytica (Intestinal and Tissue Ameba) <br/> Other Intestinal Amebae <br/> Cryptosporidium (Intestinal Sporozoa) <br/> Cyclospora (Intestinal Sporozoa) <br/> Sexually Transmitted Protozoan Infection <br/> Trichomonas vaginalis (Genitourinary Flagellate) <br/> Blood and Tissue Protozoan Infections <br/> Blood Flagellates <br/> Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Blood Flagellates) <br/> Trypanosoma cruzi (Blood Flagellate) <br/> Leishmania Species (Blood Flagellates) <br/> Entamoeba histolytica (Tissue Ameba)—See Intestinal Protozoan Infections Section <br/> Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba castellanii, and Balamuthia mandrillaris (Free-Living Amebae) <br/> Plasmodium Species (Blood Sporozoa) <br/> Babesia microti (Blood Sporozoa) <br/> Toxoplasma gondii (Tissue Sporozoa) <br/> Microsporidia <br/> Intestinal Helminthic Infections <br/> Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm—Intestinal Nematode) <br/> Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm—Intestinal Nematode) <br/> Ascaris lumbricoides (Human Roundworm—Intestinal Nematode) <br/> Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (Human Hookworms—Intestinal Nematode) <br/> Strongyloides stercoralis (Human Threadworm—Intestinal and Tissue Nematode) <br/> Trichinella spiralis (Intestinal and Tissue Nematode) <br/> Fasciolopsis buski (Giant Intestinal Fluke—Intestinal Trematode) <br/> Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm—Intestinal Cestode) and Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm—Intestinal and Tissue Cestode) <br/> Diphyllobothrium latum (Broad Fish Tapeworm—Intestinal Cestode) <br/> Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm—Intestinal Cestode) <br/> Dipylidium caninum (Dog Tapeworm—Intestinal Cestode) <br/> Blood And Tissue Helminthic Infections <br/> Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori (Lymphatic Filariasis—Tissue Nematodes) <br/> Onchocerca volvulus (River Blindness—Tissue Nematode) <br/> Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea Worm—Tissue Nematode) <br/> Larva migrans (Zoonotic Larval Nematode Infections) <br/> Clonorchis Sinensis (Chinese Liver Fluke), Fasciola hepatica (Sheep Liver Fluke), and Paragonimus westermani (Lung Fluke)—Tissue Trematodes <br/> Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, and Schistosoma haematobium (Blood Flukes) <br/> Tissue Cestode Infections (Caused by the Larval Stages) <br/> Taenia solium—Cysticercosis/Neurocysticercosis <br/> Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid Cyst) <br/> Review Questions <br/> Section VII Diagnostic Medical Microbiology and Clinical Correlation <br/> 47. Principles of Diagnostic Medical Microbiology <br/> Communication Between Physician and Laboratory <br/> Diagnosis of Bacterial and Fungal Infections <br/> The Importance of Normal Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota <br/> Laboratory Aids in the Selection of Antimicrobial Therapy <br/> Diagnosis of Infection by Anatomic Site <br/> Anaerobic Infections <br/> Diagnosis of Chlamydial Infections <br/> Diagnosis of Viral Infections <br/> Review Questions <br/> 48. Cases and Clinical Correlations <br/> Central Nervous System <br/> Respiratory <br/> Heart <br/> Abdomen <br/> Urinary Tract <br/> Bone and Soft Tissue <br/> Sexually Transmitted Diseases <br/> Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections <br/> Myocobacterium Avium Complex <br/> Infections in Transplant Patients <br/> Emerging Infections <br/> Index