Earthquake Engineering: Theory and Implementation with the 2015 International Building Code, Third Edition

1 Introduction<br/>2 Characteristics of Earthquakes<br/>2.1 Causes of Earthquakes<br/>2.2 Plate Tectonic Theory<br/>2.3 Measures of Earthquakes<br/>2.3.1 Magnitude<br/>2.3.2 Intensity<br/>2.3.3 Instrumental Scale<br/>2.3.4 Fourier Amplitude Spectrum<br/>2.3.5 Power Spectral Density<br/>2.3.6 Response Spectrum<br/>3 Linear Elastic Dynamic Analysis<br/>3.1 Introduction<br/>3.2 Single Degree of Freedom System<br/>3.2.1 System Formulation<br/>3.2.2 Response Spectrum of Elastic Systems<br/>3.2.3 Design Response Spectrum<br/>3.3 Generalized Single Degree of Freedom<br/>3.4 Multiple Degrees of Freedom System<br/>3.4.1 Multiple Degrees of Freedom System in 2D Analysis<br/>Modal Analysis<br/>Orthogonality of Mode Shapes<br/>Caution<br/>Importance of Modes<br/>3.4.2 Multiple Degrees of Freedom System in 3D Analysis<br/>Combination Effect of Different Ground Motions<br/>3.4.3 Mass Participation in Buildings<br/>3.5 Shear Beam<br/>3.6 Cantilever Flexure Beam<br/>Comparison between Shear Beam and Cantilever Flexure Beam<br/>3.7 Simple Flexure Beam<br/>3.8 Axial Beam<br/>3.9 Finite Element Method<br/>3.9.1 Finite Element Concept in Structural Engineering<br/>3.9.2 Stiffness Matrix (Virtual Work Approach)<br/>3.9.3 Mass Matrix (Virtual Work Approach)<br/>3.9.4 Stiffness and Mass Matrices (Galerkin Approach)<br/>3.9.5 Other Matrices<br/>3.9.6 Mass Matrix in 2D<br/>3.9.7 Application of Consistent Mass Matrix<br/>3.10 Incoherence<br/>3.11 Problems<br/>4 Nonlinear and Inelastic Dynamic Analysis<br/>4.1 Introduction<br/>4.2 Single Degree of Freedom System<br/>4.3 Numerical Methods<br/>4.3.1 Central Differences Method<br/>4.3.2 Newmark-β Methods<br/>4.3.3 Wilson-θ Method<br/>4.4 Multiple Degrees of Freedom System<br/>4.5 Equivalent Linearization<br/>4.6 Problems<br/>5 Behavior of Structures under Seismic Excitation<br/>5.1 Introduction<br/>5.1.1 Force-Reduction Factor, R<br/>5.1.2 Ductility<br/>5.1.3 Energy Dissipation Capacity<br/>5.1.4 Self-Centering Capacity<br/>5.1.5 Frequency Shift<br/>General Note<br/>5.2 Relationship between Force Reduction and Ductility Demand<br/>5.2.1 Equal Displacement Criterion<br/>5.2.2 Equal Energy Criterion<br/>5.2.3 General Relationship between R and μd<br/>5.3 Relationship between Global Ductility and Local Ductility<br/>5.4 Local Ductility Capacity<br/>5.5 Evaluation of Monotonic Local Ductility Capacity<br/>5.5.1 Monotonic Behavior of Concrete<br/>5.5.2 Monotonic Behavior of Steel<br/>5.5.3 Idealized Strain Compatibility Analysis<br/>Curvature at First Yield<br/>Curvature at Ultimate State<br/>5.5.4 General Strain Compatibility Analysis<br/>5.6 Evaluation of Cyclic Local Ductility Capacity<br/>5.6.1 Cyclic Behavior of Concrete<br/>5.6.2 Cyclic Behavior of Steel<br/>5.6.3 Cyclic Strain Compatibility Analysis<br/>5.7 Precast Concrete Structures<br/>5.8 Effect of Structure Configuration on Ductility<br/>5.9 Second-Order Effect on Ductility<br/>5.10 Undesirable Hysteretic Behavior<br/>Undesirable Hysteretic Behavior Due to Material Deterioration<br/>Undesirable Hysteretic Behavior Due to Unfavorable Structural Configuration<br/>5.11 Effect of Axial Load on Hysteretic Behavior<br/>5.11.1 Rigid Bar Idealization<br/>Case 1: Rigid Bar under Axial Load and without Springs<br/>Case 2: Rigid Bar with Springs and without Axial Load<br/>Case 3: Rigid Bar with Springs and under Axial Load<br/>5.11.2 Energy Dissipation Factor (αN)<br/>5.12 Design Considerations<br/>5.13 Capacity Design<br/>5.14 Pushover Analysis<br/>5.15 Recommended versus Undesirable Structural Systems<br/>5.16 Strain Rate<br/>5.17 Problems<br/>6 Design of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings (IBC)<br/>6.1 Introduction<br/>6.2 Definition of Structural Components<br/>6.2.1 Seismic Base<br/>6.3 Seismic Design Category<br/>6.4 Zoning Classification<br/>6.5 Response Spectra<br/>6.6 Design Requirements of Seismic Design Categories<br/>Seismic Design Category A<br/>Seismic Design Category B and C<br/>Seismic Design Category D, E, and F<br/>6.7 Earthquake-Induced Forces<br/>6.7.1 Regularity of Structures<br/>Horizontal Types of Irregularity<br/>Vertical Types of Irregularity<br/>6.7.2 Simplified Lateral Force Analysis Procedure<br/>Vertical Distribution of Base Shear<br/>6.7.3 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure<br/>Vertical Distribution of Base Shear<br/>6.7.4 Modal Response Spectrum Analysis<br/>6.7.5 Two-Stage Analysis Procedures<br/>6.7.6 Time-History Analysis<br/>6.7.7 Directional Effect<br/>Redundancy Factor (ρ)<br/>6.8 Load Combinations<br/>6.9 Definitions and Requirements of Structural Systems<br/>6.10 Special Topics<br/>6.10.1 Diaphragm Design Forces<br/>6.10.2 Torsional Effect<br/>6.10.3 Drift Limitations<br/>6.10.4 Structural Separation<br/>6.10.5 P-Δ Effect<br/>6.11 Problems<br/>APPENDIX 6-1<br/>7 Seismic Provisions of Reinforced Concrete Structures (ACI 318)<br/>7.1 Introduction<br/>7.2 Ordinary Moment Frames<br/>7.2.1 Ordinary Beams<br/>Main Reinforcement<br/>Development of Reinforcement<br/>Shear Reinforcement<br/>7.2.2 Ordinary Beam-Columns<br/>Main Reinforcement<br/>Development of Reinforcement<br/>Shear Reinforcement<br/>7.3 Intermediate Moment Frames<br/>7.3.1 Intermediate Beams<br/>Main Reinforcement<br/>Lateral Reinforcement<br/>7.3.2 Intermediate Beam-Columns<br/>Lateral Reinforcement<br/>7.4 Special Moment Frames<br/>7.4.1 Special Beams<br/>Design Shear, Ve<br/>Dimension Limitations<br/>Main Reinforcement<br/>Lateral Reinforcement<br/>7.4.2 Special Beam-Columns<br/>Design Forces<br/>Dimension Limitations<br/>Main Reinforcement<br/>Lateral Reinforcement Details<br/>Minimum Lateral Reinforcement<br/>Concrete Cover Protection<br/>7.4.3 Special Joints<br/>Development of Reinforcement<br/>Confined Concrete<br/>7.5 Ordinary Shear Walls<br/>Force Requirements<br/>Reinforcement Requirements<br/>7.6 Special Shear Walls<br/>7.6.1 Special Shear Walls without Openings<br/>Force Requirements<br/>Reinforcement Requirements<br/>Boundary Element Requirements<br/>Detailing of Boundary Elements<br/>7.6.2 Special Shear Walls with Openings<br/>7.7 Coupling Beams<br/>7.7.1 Detailing of Coupling Beams with Diagonals<br/>Diagonals<br/>Coupling Beams<br/>7.8 Diaphragms and Trusses<br/>7.8.1 Structural System<br/>7.8.2 Shear Strength<br/>7.8.3 Diaphragm Chords and Truss Members<br/>7.9 Foundations<br/>7.9.1 Strength Requirements<br/>7.9.2 Detailing Requirements<br/>7.10 Precast Concrete<br/>7.10.1 Precast Special Moment Frames<br/>Precast Special Frames with Ductile Connections<br/>Precast Special Frames with Strong Connections<br/>7.10.2 Precast Intermediate Shear Walls<br/>7.10.3 Precast Special Shear Walls<br/>7.11 Nonseismic-Resisting Systems<br/>7.11.1 General Requirements (A)<br/>Beam Requirements<br/>Beam-Column Requirements<br/>7.11.2 General Requirements (B)<br/>Rectangular Sections<br/>Circular and Spiral Sections<br/>APPENDIX 7-1<br/>8 Introduction to AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings<br/>8.1 Introduction<br/>8.2 General Requirements<br/>Load Combinations<br/>Material<br/>Demand Critical Welds<br/>Slenderness Requirements<br/>Special Bracing at Plastic Hinge Locations<br/>Protected Zones<br/>Column Splices<br/>8.3 Structural Systems<br/>8.3.1 Ordinary Moment Frames<br/>FR Moment Connections<br/>Demand Critical Welds Regions<br/>8.3.2 Intermediate Moment Frames<br/>Slenderness of Beams<br/>Protected Zones<br/>Beam-to-Column Connections<br/>Demand Critical Welds Regions<br/>8.3.3 Special Moment Frames<br/>Column-Beam Moment Ratios<br/>Slenderness of Beams<br/>Protected Zones<br/>Beam-to-Column Connections<br/>Lateral Support of Column Flanges<br/>Demand Critical Welds Regions<br/>8.3.4 Special Truss Moment Frames<br/>Dimension Limitations<br/>Special Segments<br/>Slenderness of Special Segments<br/>Protected Zones<br/>Bracing of Trusses<br/>Demand Critical Welds Regions<br/>8.3.5 Ordinary Cantilever Column Systems<br/>Demand Critical Welds Regions<br/>8.3.6 Special Cantilever Column Systems<br/>Slenderness of Columns<br/>Protected Zones<br/>Base Plate<br/>Demand Critical Welds Regions<br/>8.3.7 Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames<br/>Slenderness of Columns<br/>V-braced and Inverted V-braced Frames<br/>Diagonal Brace Connections<br/>Demand Critical Welds Regions<br/>8.3.8 Special Concentrically Braced Frames<br/>Slenderness of Columns<br/>Protected Zones<br/>Strength Requirements<br/>Beam-to-Column Connections<br/>Brace Connections<br/>Diagonal Braces<br/>V- and Inverted V-Type Braces<br/>Demand Critical Welds Regions<br/>8.3.9 Eccentrically Braced Frames<br/>Strength Requirements<br/>Slenderness Requirements<br/>Protected Zones<br/>Beam-to-Column Connections<br/>General Link Requirements<br/>Demand Critical Welds Regions<br/>8.3.10 Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames<br/>8.3.11 Special Plate Shear Walls (SPSW)<br/>Strength Requirements<br/>Slenderness Requirements<br/>Protected Zones<br/>Demand Critical Welds Regions<br/>8.4 Allowable Stress Design Approach<br/>APPENDIX 8-1<br/>9 Design of Earthquake-Resistant Bridges (AASHTO Code)<br/>9.1 Introduction<br/>9.2 AASHTO Procedures for Bridge Design<br/>9.3 Response Spectra<br/>9.4 Single Span Bridges<br/>9.5 Bridges in Seismic Zone 1<br/>9.6 Bridges in Seismic Zone 2<br/>9.7 Bridges in Seismic Zones 3 and 4<br/>9.8 Methods of Analysis<br/>9.8.1 Uniform Load Method<br/>Continuous Bridges<br/>Discontinuous Bridges<br/>9.8.2 Single-Mode Spectral Method<br/>Continuous Bridges<br/>Sinusoidal Method for Continuous Bridges<br/>Discontinuous Bridges<br/>Rigid Deck Method for Discontinuous Bridges<br/>9.8.3 Multiple Mode Spectral Method<br/>9.8.4 Time-History Method<br/>9.8.5 Directional Effect<br/>9.9 Load Combinations<br/>9.10 Design Requirements<br/>9.11 Design Requirements of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Columns<br/>9.11.1 Bridges in Seismic Zone 1<br/>9.11.2 Bridges in Seismic Zone 2<br/>9.11.3 Bridges in Seismic Zones 3 and 4<br/>Detailing of Transverse Reinforcement<br/>9.12 Design Requirements of Reinforced Concrete Pier Walls<br/>9.13 Special Topics<br/>9.13.1 P-Δ Requirements<br/>9.1
3.2 Displacement Requirements (Seismic Seats)<br/>9.13.3 Longitudinal Restrainers<br/>9.13.4 Hold-Down Devices<br/>9.13.5 Liquefaction<br/>APPENDIX 9-1<br/>10 Geotechnical Aspects and Foundations<br/>10.1 Introduction<br/>10.2 Wave Propagation<br/>10.3 Ground Response<br/>10.4 Liquefaction<br/>Equivalent Uniform Cyclic Shear Stress Method<br/>10.5 Slope Stability<br/>10.6 Lateral Earth Pressure<br/>10.7 Foundations<br/>APPENDIX 10-1<br/>11 Synthetic Earthquakes<br/>11.1 Introduction<br/>11.2 Fourier Transform<br/>11.3 Power Spectral Density<br/>11.4 Stationary Random Processes<br/>11.5 Random Ground Motion Model<br/>11.6 Implementation of Ground Motion Model<br/>11.7 Validity of Synthetic Earthquakes<br/>12 Seismic Isolation<br/>12.1 Introduction<br/>12.2 Concept of Seismic Isolation<br/>12.3 Lead-Rubber Bearing Isolators<br/>12.4 Analysis of Seismically Isolated Structures<br/>12.5 Design of Seismically Isolated Structures<br/>Allowable Compressive Stress<br/>Allowable Shear Deformation (Shear Strain)<br/>Allowable Rotation<br/>Stability Requirements<br/>Lead Core Dimensions<br/>Shear Stiffness<br/>APPENDIX 12-1<br/>Bibliography<br/>Index