Bernard (School of Dentistry, University of Western Australia, Australia) Koong
Meer over de auteurs
Bernard (School of Dentistry, University of Western Australia, Australia) Koong,
B Koong
John Wiley & Sons
e druk, 2017
9781118939642
Atlas of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
Specificaties
Gebonden, 368 blz.
|
Engels
John Wiley & Sons |
e druk, 2017
ISBN13: 9781118939642
Rubricering
Levertijd ongeveer 15 werkdagen
Samenvatting
The
Atlas of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology presents an extensive case collection of both common and less common conditions of the jaws and teeth. Focusing on the essentials of radiologic interpretation, this is a go–to companion for clinicians in everyday practice who have radiologically identified a potential abnormality, as well as a comprehensive study guide for students at all levels of dentistry, surgery and radiology.
Unique lesion–based problem solving chapter makes this an easy–to–use reference in a clinical setting
Includes 2D intraoral radiography, the panoramic radiograph, cone beam CT, multidetector CT and MRI
Multiple cases are presented in order to demonstrate the variation in the radiological appearances of conditions affecting the jaws and teeth
Special focus on conditions where diagnostic imaging may substantially contribute to diagnosis
Features a useful chapter covering the temporomandibular joint
Specificaties
Inhoudsopgave
<p>List of Contributors, xi</p>
<p>Preface, xii</p>
<p>Acknowledgements, xiii</p>
<p>How to Use This Atlas, xiv</p>
<p>1 Problem Solving Diagrams, 1</p>
<p>1.1 Opaque and largely opaque conditions related to the jaws, 1</p>
<p>Common conditions, 1</p>
<p>Less common conditions, 1</p>
<p>1.2 Lucent lesions of the jaws, 2</p>
<p>Common conditions, 2</p>
<p>Less common conditions, 2</p>
<p>1.3 Mixed density lesions of the jaws, 3</p>
<p>Common conditions, 3</p>
<p>Less common conditions, 3</p>
<p>2 Radiological Anatomy, 4</p>
<p>2.1 The panoramic radiograph, 4</p>
<p>2.2 Identification of teeth FDI (Fédération Dentaire Internationale) World Dental Federation notation, 8</p>
<p>2.3 Cone beam computed tomography, 11</p>
<p>Axial, 11</p>
<p>Sagittal, 18</p>
<p>Coronal, 22</p>
<p>3 Anomalies Related to the Teeth, 28</p>
<p>3.1 Supernumerary teeth, 28</p>
<p>3.2 Congenital absence, 30</p>
<p>3.3 Delayed and early development/eruption, 31</p>
<p>3.4 Ectopic development and eruption, 32</p>
<p>3.5 Impaction, 36</p>
<p>3.6 Macrodontia, 40</p>
<p>3.7 Microdontia, 41</p>
<p>3.8 Dilaceration, 42</p>
<p>3.9 Enamel pearl, 42</p>
<p>3.10 Talon cusp, 43</p>
<p>3.11 Dens invaginatus, 44</p>
<p>3.12 Dens evaginatus, 45</p>
<p>3.13 Taurodontism, 45</p>
<p>3.14 Fusion, 46</p>
<p>3.15 Gemination, 47</p>
<p>3.16 Concrescence, 47</p>
<p>3.17 Amelogenesis imperfecta, 48</p>
<p>3.18 Dentinogenesis imperfecta, 49</p>
<p>3.19 Dentin dysplasia, 50</p>
<p>3.20 Secondary and tertiary dentin, 51</p>
<p>3.21 Pulp stones, 52</p>
<p>3.22 Hypercementosis, 53</p>
<p>4 Conditions Related to Loss of Tooth Structure, 54</p>
<p>4.1 Caries, 54</p>
<p>Interproximal caries, 54</p>
<p>Pit and fissure caries, 54</p>
<p>Root caries, 55</p>
<p>4.2 Attrition, 59</p>
<p>4.3 Abrasion, 60</p>
<p>4.4 Erosion, 61</p>
<p>4.5 Internal resorption, 61</p>
<p>4.6 External resorption, 62</p>
<p>4.7 Fracture related to trauma, 63</p>
<p>5 Inflammatory Lesions of the Jaws, 64</p>
<p>5.1 Periapical inflammatory lesions, 64</p>
<p>Post–treatment appearances of periapical lesions, 65</p>
<p>Re–establishment of normal periapical structures, 65</p>
<p>Variant trabecular architecture, 65</p>
<p>Fibrous healing, 65</p>
<p>Periapical osseous prominence at the maxillary sinus base, 66</p>
<p>5.2 Periodontal inflammatory disease, 74</p>
<p>5.3 Pericoronitis, 83</p>
<p>5.4 Osteomyelitis of the jaws, 86</p>
<p>5.5 Dentoalveolar and jaw infections involving the adjacent soft tissues, 88</p>
<p>6 Osteoradionecrosis and Osteonecrosis of the Jaws, 92</p>
<p>6.1 Osteoradionecrosis of the jaws, 92</p>
<p>6.2 Osteonecrosis of the jaws, 96</p>
<p>7 Hamartomatous/Hyperplastic Bony Opacities and Prominences Involving the Jaws, 97</p>
<p>7.1 Torus palatinus, 97</p>
<p>7.2 Torus mandibularis, 98</p>
<p>7.3 Exostoses, 100</p>
<p>7.4 Bone island, 101</p>
<p>8 Cysts and Cyst–like Lesions Involving the Jaws, 108</p>
<p>Odontogenic cysts and cyst –like lesions, 108</p>
<p>8.1 Radicular cyst, 108</p>
<p>8.2 Residual cyst, 114</p>
<p>8.3 Dentigerous cyst, 115</p>
<p>8.4 Buccal bifurcation cyst, 122</p>
<p>8.5 Keratocystic odontogenic tumour, 124</p>
<p>8.6 Basal cell naevus syndrome, 127</p>
<p>8.7 Lateral periodontal cyst, 128</p>
<p>8.8 Glandular odontogenic cyst, 130</p>
<p>Non–odontogenic cysts and cyst –like lesions, 130</p>
<p>8.9 Simple bone cyst, 130</p>
<p>8.10 Nasopalatine duct cyst, 136</p>
<p>8.11 Nasolabial cyst, 138</p>
<p>9 Fibro–osseous Lesions of the Jaws, 140</p>
<p>9.1 Fibrous dysplasia, 140</p>
<p>9.2 Cemento–osseous dysplasia, 145</p>
<p>9.3 Ossifying fibroma, 150</p>
<p>10 Benign Tumours Involving the Jaws, 153</p>
<p>ODONTOGENIC BENIGN TUMOURS, 153</p>
<p>10.1 Ameloblastoma, 153</p>
<p>10.2 Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour, 159</p>
<p>10.3 Odontoma, 160</p>
<p>10.4 Ameloblastic fibroma, 162</p>
<p>10.5 Ameloblastic fibro–odontoma, 163</p>
<p>10.6 Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour, 165</p>
<p>10.7 Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumour, 166</p>
<p>10.8 Odontogenic myxoma, 167</p>
<p>10.9 Cementoblastoma, 169</p>
<p>NON–ODONTOGENIC BENIGN TUMOURS INVOLVING THE JAWS, 170</p>
<p>10.10 Osteoma, 170</p>
<p>10.11 Gardner syndrome, 173</p>
<p>10.12 Osteochrondroma, 174</p>
<p>10.13 Schwannoma (within the jaws), 174</p>
<p>10.14 Osteoblastoma, 175</p>
<p>10.15 Osteoid osteoma, 176</p>
<p>10.16 Desmoplastic fibroma, 177</p>
<p>11 Malignant Tumours Involving the Jaws, 178</p>
<p>11.1 Imaging of malignancies involving the jaws, 178</p>
<p>11.2 Radiological features of malignancies involving the jaws, 178</p>
<p>11.3 Features of some malignancies which more commonly involve the jaws, 179</p>
<p>12 Vascular Anomalies of the Mid– and Lower Face, 191</p>
<p>VASCULAR TUMOURS (PROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS), 191</p>
<p>12.1 Haemangioma, 191</p>
<p>12.2 Other lesions included in this grouping, 193</p>
<p>VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS, 193</p>
<p>Complications, 193</p>
<p>12.3 Low–flow lesions, 193</p>
<p>Venolymphatic malformations or lymphangiomas, 193</p>
<p>Capillary malformations, 193</p>
<p>Venocavernous malformations, 194</p>
<p>12.4 High–flow lesions, 197</p>
<p>Arteriovenous malformations, 197</p>
<p>13 Other Diseases Affecting the Jaws, 199</p>
<p>13.1 Central giant cell granuloma, 199</p>
<p>13.2 Cherubism, 203</p>
<p>13.3 Aneurysmal bone cyst, 204</p>
<p>13.4 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 205</p>
<p>13.5 Paget disease of bone, 208</p>
<p>14 Other Morphological Anomalies Involving the Jaws, 210</p>
<p>14.1 Hemimandibular hyperplasia, 210</p>
<p>14.2 Acromegaly, 212</p>
<p>14.3 Mandibular and hemimandibular hypoplasia, 212</p>
<p>14.4 Stafne defect, 214</p>
<p>14.5 Cleft lip and palate, 216</p>
<p>15 Other Systemic Disorders that may Involve the Jaws, 219</p>
<p>15.1 Osteopenic appearance of the jaws, 219</p>
<p>15.2 Increased density of the jaws, 221</p>
<p>15.3 Alterations in jaw size, 221</p>
<p>15.4 Changes to jaw morphology, 221</p>
<p>15.5 Dentoalveolar alterations, 221</p>
<p>16 Common Opacities in the Orofacial Soft Tissues, 222</p>
<p>16.1 Tonsillar calcifications, 222</p>
<p>16.2 Lymph node calcifications, 224</p>
<p>16.3 Stylohyoid ligamentous ossification, 225</p>
<p>16.4 Thyroid and triticeous cartilage calcifications, 226</p>
<p>16.5 Arterial calcifications related to arteriosclerosis, 228</p>
<p>16.6 Phlebolith, 231</p>
<p>16.7 Sialoliths, 231</p>
<p>16.8 Paranasal and nasal calcifications, 236</p>
<p>16.9 Myositis ossificans, 236</p>
<p>17 Trauma and Fractures, 238</p>
<p>TEETH AND SUPPORTING STRUCTURES, 238</p>
<p>17.1 Subluxation, 238</p>
<p>17.2 Luxation, 239</p>
<p>17.3 Avulsion, 240</p>
<p>17.4 Fracture of teeth, 241</p>
<p>FACIAL BONES, 245</p>
<p>17.5 Mandibular fractures, 245</p>
<p>17.6 N asal fracture, 247</p>
<p>17.7 Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture, 248</p>
<p>17.8 Orbital blow–out fracture, 248</p>
<p>17.9 Le Fort fractures, 249</p>
<p>Le Fort I, 249</p>
<p>Le Fort II, 249</p>
<p>Le Fort III, 249</p>
<p>17.10 Other complex facial fractures, 249</p>
<p>18 Temporomandibular Joints, 250</p>
<p>18.1 Imaging the temporomandibular joints, 250</p>
<p>Panoramic radiograph, 250</p>
<p>Other plain film studies and dedicated conventional tomography, 250</p>
<p>Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), 250</p>
<p>Multidetector (multislice) computed tomography (MDCT), 250</p>
<p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 250</p>
<p>18.2 Condylar hyperplasia, 250</p>
<p>18.3 Coronoid hyperplasia, 252</p>
<p>18.4 Condylar hypoplasia, 253</p>
<p>18.5 Bifid condyle, 255</p>
<p>18.6 Internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint, 256</p>
<p>18.7 Ganglion cysts, 261</p>
<p>18.8 Degenerative joint disease, 262</p>
<p>18.9 Inflammatory and erosive arthropathies, 268</p>
<p>18.10 Osteochrondroma, 270</p>
<p>18.11 Malignant tumours, 271</p>
<p>18.12 Synovial chondromatosis, 272</p>
<p>18.13 Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, 273</p>
<p>18.14 Ankylosis, 274</p>
<p>18.15 Other lesions affecting the temporomandibular joints, 275</p>
<p>18.16 Other non–temporomandibular joint conditions contributing to pain/dysfunction in the region of the temporomandibular joint and related structures, 275</p>
<p>19 Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses and Upper Aerodigestive Tract Impressions, 277</p>
<p>NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES, 277</p>
<p>19.1 N ormal variations and developmental anomalies, 277</p>
<p>Variations in pneumatisation, 277</p>
<p>Accessory ethmoid air cells, 277</p>
<p>Aberrant transiting structures, 277</p>
<p>Accessory ostia, 277</p>
<p>Aberrant anatomical position, 277</p>
<p>Others, 277</p>
<p>19.2 Odontogenic conditions and dentoalveolar lesions, 280</p>
<p>19.3 Findings related to dental procedures, 280</p>
<p>Oroantral communication, 280</p>
<p>Tooth displacement, 280</p>
<p>Dental implants, 282</p>
<p>Periapical osseous healing, 282</p>
<p>19.4 Inflammatory paranasal sinus disease, 284</p>
<p>Acute rhinosinusitis, 284</p>
<p>Chronic rhinosinusitis, 286</p>
<p>Silent sinus syndrome, 287</p>
<p>Mucous retention cysts, 287</p>
<p>Sinonasal mucoceles, 288</p>
<p>Fungal rhinosinusitis, 289</p>
<p>Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, 289</p>
<p>Sinonasal mycetoma, 290</p>
<p>Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, 291</p>
<p>Sinonasal polyposis, 292</p>
<p>Antrochoanal polyps, 293</p>
<p>Granulomatous sinonasal inflammatory disease, 293</p>
<p>Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (previously known as Wegener granulomatosis), 294</p>
<p>Sarcoidosis, 294</p>
<p>Nasal cocaine necrosis, 295</p>
<p>19.5 Neoplastic disease, 296</p>
<p>Benign tumours, 296</p>
<p>Juvenile angiofibroma, 296</p>
<p>Sinus osteoma, 296</p>
<p>Sinonasal inverting papilloma, 297</p>
<p>Sinonasal cancers, 297</p>
<p>Sinonasal SCCa, 298</p>
<p>Sinonasal adenocarcinoma, 300</p>
<p>Minor salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma, 300</p>
<p>Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, 300</p>
<p>Esthesioneuroblastoma or olfactory neuroblastoma, 301</p>
<p>Lymphoma, 302</p>
<p>PHARYNGEAL AIRWAY IMPRESSIONS, 303</p>
<p>19.6 Summary of causes of nasopharyngeal narrowing, 303</p>
<p>19.7 Summary of causes of oropharyngeal narrowing, 303</p>
<p>19.8 Malignant disease, 303</p>
<p>Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), 303</p>
<p>Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, 304</p>
<p>19.9 Benign entities, 305</p>
<p>Tornwald cyst, 305</p>
<p>Tortuous carotid arteries, 305</p>
<p>Lingual thyroid, 305</p>
<p>Foreign body ingestion, 307</p>
<p>19.10 Inflammatory lesions, 307</p>
<p>Tonsil hypertrophy and adenoid hypertrophy, 307</p>
<p>Retention cysts, 307</p>
<p>Tonsillitis, 308</p>
<p>Tonsillar and peritonsillar abscess, 309</p>
<p>Retropharyngeal space abscess, 310</p>
<p>Acute longus colli tendinitis, 310</p>
<p>19.11 Retropharyngeal adenopathy, 311</p>
<p>20 The Skull Base, 312</p>
<p>CONSTITUTIONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATIONS, 312</p>
<p>20.1 Ossification of the interclinoid ligaments, 312</p>
<p>20.2 Benign notochordal cell tumour (ecchordosis physaliphora), 313</p>
<p>20.3 Persistence of the craniopharyngeal canal, 314</p>
<p>20.4 Arrested pneumatisation of the skull base, 315</p>
<p>20.5 Meningoencephaloceles, 316</p>
<p>20.6 Nasolacrimal duct mucocele (dacryocystocele), 317</p>
<p>20.7 Empty sella syndrome, 318</p>
<p>LESIONS OF THE SKULL BASE, 319</p>
<p>20.8 Pituitary macroadenoma, 319</p>
<p>20.9 Clival chordoma, 320</p>
<p>20.10 Skull base meningioma, 321</p>
<p>20.11 Skull base metastasis, 323</p>
<p>20.12 Chondrosarcoma, 324</p>
<p>20.13 Lymphoma, 325</p>
<p>20.14 Skull base plasmacytoma/multiple myeloma, 326</p>
<p>20.15 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 327</p>
<p>20.16 Fibrous dysplasia, 327</p>
<p>20.17 Paget disease, 328</p>
<p>20.18 Petrous apex lesions, 329</p>
<p>EXPANSION OF SKULL BASE FORAMINA, 331</p>
<p>20.19 Nerve sheath tumours, 331</p>
<p>20.20 Perineural metastatic disease, 332</p>
<p>21 The Cervical Spine, 333</p>
<p>CONGENITAL VARIATIONS, 333</p>
<p>DEGENERATIVE DISEASE, 336</p>
<p>21.1 Cervical spondylosis, 336</p>
<p>21.2 Diffuse idiopathic hyperostosis, 337</p>
<p>21.3 Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, 338</p>
<p>INFLAMMATORY AND DEPOSITIONAL CONDITIONS, 339</p>
<p>21.4 Rheumatoid arthritis, 339</p>
<p>21.5 Ankylosing spondylitis, 340</p>
<p>21.6 Osteomyelitis/discitis/facetal septic arthritis, including tuberculosis, 341</p>
<p>TUMOURS AND TUMOUR–LIKE LESIONS, 342</p>
<p>21.7 Metastatic tumours, 342</p>
<p>21.8 Multiple myeloma, 344</p>
<p>21.9 Aneurysmal bone cysts, 344</p>
<p>21.10 Peripheral nerve sheath tumours, 345</p>
<p>Index, 347</p>
<p>Preface, xii</p>
<p>Acknowledgements, xiii</p>
<p>How to Use This Atlas, xiv</p>
<p>1 Problem Solving Diagrams, 1</p>
<p>1.1 Opaque and largely opaque conditions related to the jaws, 1</p>
<p>Common conditions, 1</p>
<p>Less common conditions, 1</p>
<p>1.2 Lucent lesions of the jaws, 2</p>
<p>Common conditions, 2</p>
<p>Less common conditions, 2</p>
<p>1.3 Mixed density lesions of the jaws, 3</p>
<p>Common conditions, 3</p>
<p>Less common conditions, 3</p>
<p>2 Radiological Anatomy, 4</p>
<p>2.1 The panoramic radiograph, 4</p>
<p>2.2 Identification of teeth FDI (Fédération Dentaire Internationale) World Dental Federation notation, 8</p>
<p>2.3 Cone beam computed tomography, 11</p>
<p>Axial, 11</p>
<p>Sagittal, 18</p>
<p>Coronal, 22</p>
<p>3 Anomalies Related to the Teeth, 28</p>
<p>3.1 Supernumerary teeth, 28</p>
<p>3.2 Congenital absence, 30</p>
<p>3.3 Delayed and early development/eruption, 31</p>
<p>3.4 Ectopic development and eruption, 32</p>
<p>3.5 Impaction, 36</p>
<p>3.6 Macrodontia, 40</p>
<p>3.7 Microdontia, 41</p>
<p>3.8 Dilaceration, 42</p>
<p>3.9 Enamel pearl, 42</p>
<p>3.10 Talon cusp, 43</p>
<p>3.11 Dens invaginatus, 44</p>
<p>3.12 Dens evaginatus, 45</p>
<p>3.13 Taurodontism, 45</p>
<p>3.14 Fusion, 46</p>
<p>3.15 Gemination, 47</p>
<p>3.16 Concrescence, 47</p>
<p>3.17 Amelogenesis imperfecta, 48</p>
<p>3.18 Dentinogenesis imperfecta, 49</p>
<p>3.19 Dentin dysplasia, 50</p>
<p>3.20 Secondary and tertiary dentin, 51</p>
<p>3.21 Pulp stones, 52</p>
<p>3.22 Hypercementosis, 53</p>
<p>4 Conditions Related to Loss of Tooth Structure, 54</p>
<p>4.1 Caries, 54</p>
<p>Interproximal caries, 54</p>
<p>Pit and fissure caries, 54</p>
<p>Root caries, 55</p>
<p>4.2 Attrition, 59</p>
<p>4.3 Abrasion, 60</p>
<p>4.4 Erosion, 61</p>
<p>4.5 Internal resorption, 61</p>
<p>4.6 External resorption, 62</p>
<p>4.7 Fracture related to trauma, 63</p>
<p>5 Inflammatory Lesions of the Jaws, 64</p>
<p>5.1 Periapical inflammatory lesions, 64</p>
<p>Post–treatment appearances of periapical lesions, 65</p>
<p>Re–establishment of normal periapical structures, 65</p>
<p>Variant trabecular architecture, 65</p>
<p>Fibrous healing, 65</p>
<p>Periapical osseous prominence at the maxillary sinus base, 66</p>
<p>5.2 Periodontal inflammatory disease, 74</p>
<p>5.3 Pericoronitis, 83</p>
<p>5.4 Osteomyelitis of the jaws, 86</p>
<p>5.5 Dentoalveolar and jaw infections involving the adjacent soft tissues, 88</p>
<p>6 Osteoradionecrosis and Osteonecrosis of the Jaws, 92</p>
<p>6.1 Osteoradionecrosis of the jaws, 92</p>
<p>6.2 Osteonecrosis of the jaws, 96</p>
<p>7 Hamartomatous/Hyperplastic Bony Opacities and Prominences Involving the Jaws, 97</p>
<p>7.1 Torus palatinus, 97</p>
<p>7.2 Torus mandibularis, 98</p>
<p>7.3 Exostoses, 100</p>
<p>7.4 Bone island, 101</p>
<p>8 Cysts and Cyst–like Lesions Involving the Jaws, 108</p>
<p>Odontogenic cysts and cyst –like lesions, 108</p>
<p>8.1 Radicular cyst, 108</p>
<p>8.2 Residual cyst, 114</p>
<p>8.3 Dentigerous cyst, 115</p>
<p>8.4 Buccal bifurcation cyst, 122</p>
<p>8.5 Keratocystic odontogenic tumour, 124</p>
<p>8.6 Basal cell naevus syndrome, 127</p>
<p>8.7 Lateral periodontal cyst, 128</p>
<p>8.8 Glandular odontogenic cyst, 130</p>
<p>Non–odontogenic cysts and cyst –like lesions, 130</p>
<p>8.9 Simple bone cyst, 130</p>
<p>8.10 Nasopalatine duct cyst, 136</p>
<p>8.11 Nasolabial cyst, 138</p>
<p>9 Fibro–osseous Lesions of the Jaws, 140</p>
<p>9.1 Fibrous dysplasia, 140</p>
<p>9.2 Cemento–osseous dysplasia, 145</p>
<p>9.3 Ossifying fibroma, 150</p>
<p>10 Benign Tumours Involving the Jaws, 153</p>
<p>ODONTOGENIC BENIGN TUMOURS, 153</p>
<p>10.1 Ameloblastoma, 153</p>
<p>10.2 Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour, 159</p>
<p>10.3 Odontoma, 160</p>
<p>10.4 Ameloblastic fibroma, 162</p>
<p>10.5 Ameloblastic fibro–odontoma, 163</p>
<p>10.6 Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour, 165</p>
<p>10.7 Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumour, 166</p>
<p>10.8 Odontogenic myxoma, 167</p>
<p>10.9 Cementoblastoma, 169</p>
<p>NON–ODONTOGENIC BENIGN TUMOURS INVOLVING THE JAWS, 170</p>
<p>10.10 Osteoma, 170</p>
<p>10.11 Gardner syndrome, 173</p>
<p>10.12 Osteochrondroma, 174</p>
<p>10.13 Schwannoma (within the jaws), 174</p>
<p>10.14 Osteoblastoma, 175</p>
<p>10.15 Osteoid osteoma, 176</p>
<p>10.16 Desmoplastic fibroma, 177</p>
<p>11 Malignant Tumours Involving the Jaws, 178</p>
<p>11.1 Imaging of malignancies involving the jaws, 178</p>
<p>11.2 Radiological features of malignancies involving the jaws, 178</p>
<p>11.3 Features of some malignancies which more commonly involve the jaws, 179</p>
<p>12 Vascular Anomalies of the Mid– and Lower Face, 191</p>
<p>VASCULAR TUMOURS (PROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS), 191</p>
<p>12.1 Haemangioma, 191</p>
<p>12.2 Other lesions included in this grouping, 193</p>
<p>VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS, 193</p>
<p>Complications, 193</p>
<p>12.3 Low–flow lesions, 193</p>
<p>Venolymphatic malformations or lymphangiomas, 193</p>
<p>Capillary malformations, 193</p>
<p>Venocavernous malformations, 194</p>
<p>12.4 High–flow lesions, 197</p>
<p>Arteriovenous malformations, 197</p>
<p>13 Other Diseases Affecting the Jaws, 199</p>
<p>13.1 Central giant cell granuloma, 199</p>
<p>13.2 Cherubism, 203</p>
<p>13.3 Aneurysmal bone cyst, 204</p>
<p>13.4 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 205</p>
<p>13.5 Paget disease of bone, 208</p>
<p>14 Other Morphological Anomalies Involving the Jaws, 210</p>
<p>14.1 Hemimandibular hyperplasia, 210</p>
<p>14.2 Acromegaly, 212</p>
<p>14.3 Mandibular and hemimandibular hypoplasia, 212</p>
<p>14.4 Stafne defect, 214</p>
<p>14.5 Cleft lip and palate, 216</p>
<p>15 Other Systemic Disorders that may Involve the Jaws, 219</p>
<p>15.1 Osteopenic appearance of the jaws, 219</p>
<p>15.2 Increased density of the jaws, 221</p>
<p>15.3 Alterations in jaw size, 221</p>
<p>15.4 Changes to jaw morphology, 221</p>
<p>15.5 Dentoalveolar alterations, 221</p>
<p>16 Common Opacities in the Orofacial Soft Tissues, 222</p>
<p>16.1 Tonsillar calcifications, 222</p>
<p>16.2 Lymph node calcifications, 224</p>
<p>16.3 Stylohyoid ligamentous ossification, 225</p>
<p>16.4 Thyroid and triticeous cartilage calcifications, 226</p>
<p>16.5 Arterial calcifications related to arteriosclerosis, 228</p>
<p>16.6 Phlebolith, 231</p>
<p>16.7 Sialoliths, 231</p>
<p>16.8 Paranasal and nasal calcifications, 236</p>
<p>16.9 Myositis ossificans, 236</p>
<p>17 Trauma and Fractures, 238</p>
<p>TEETH AND SUPPORTING STRUCTURES, 238</p>
<p>17.1 Subluxation, 238</p>
<p>17.2 Luxation, 239</p>
<p>17.3 Avulsion, 240</p>
<p>17.4 Fracture of teeth, 241</p>
<p>FACIAL BONES, 245</p>
<p>17.5 Mandibular fractures, 245</p>
<p>17.6 N asal fracture, 247</p>
<p>17.7 Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture, 248</p>
<p>17.8 Orbital blow–out fracture, 248</p>
<p>17.9 Le Fort fractures, 249</p>
<p>Le Fort I, 249</p>
<p>Le Fort II, 249</p>
<p>Le Fort III, 249</p>
<p>17.10 Other complex facial fractures, 249</p>
<p>18 Temporomandibular Joints, 250</p>
<p>18.1 Imaging the temporomandibular joints, 250</p>
<p>Panoramic radiograph, 250</p>
<p>Other plain film studies and dedicated conventional tomography, 250</p>
<p>Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), 250</p>
<p>Multidetector (multislice) computed tomography (MDCT), 250</p>
<p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 250</p>
<p>18.2 Condylar hyperplasia, 250</p>
<p>18.3 Coronoid hyperplasia, 252</p>
<p>18.4 Condylar hypoplasia, 253</p>
<p>18.5 Bifid condyle, 255</p>
<p>18.6 Internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint, 256</p>
<p>18.7 Ganglion cysts, 261</p>
<p>18.8 Degenerative joint disease, 262</p>
<p>18.9 Inflammatory and erosive arthropathies, 268</p>
<p>18.10 Osteochrondroma, 270</p>
<p>18.11 Malignant tumours, 271</p>
<p>18.12 Synovial chondromatosis, 272</p>
<p>18.13 Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, 273</p>
<p>18.14 Ankylosis, 274</p>
<p>18.15 Other lesions affecting the temporomandibular joints, 275</p>
<p>18.16 Other non–temporomandibular joint conditions contributing to pain/dysfunction in the region of the temporomandibular joint and related structures, 275</p>
<p>19 Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses and Upper Aerodigestive Tract Impressions, 277</p>
<p>NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES, 277</p>
<p>19.1 N ormal variations and developmental anomalies, 277</p>
<p>Variations in pneumatisation, 277</p>
<p>Accessory ethmoid air cells, 277</p>
<p>Aberrant transiting structures, 277</p>
<p>Accessory ostia, 277</p>
<p>Aberrant anatomical position, 277</p>
<p>Others, 277</p>
<p>19.2 Odontogenic conditions and dentoalveolar lesions, 280</p>
<p>19.3 Findings related to dental procedures, 280</p>
<p>Oroantral communication, 280</p>
<p>Tooth displacement, 280</p>
<p>Dental implants, 282</p>
<p>Periapical osseous healing, 282</p>
<p>19.4 Inflammatory paranasal sinus disease, 284</p>
<p>Acute rhinosinusitis, 284</p>
<p>Chronic rhinosinusitis, 286</p>
<p>Silent sinus syndrome, 287</p>
<p>Mucous retention cysts, 287</p>
<p>Sinonasal mucoceles, 288</p>
<p>Fungal rhinosinusitis, 289</p>
<p>Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, 289</p>
<p>Sinonasal mycetoma, 290</p>
<p>Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, 291</p>
<p>Sinonasal polyposis, 292</p>
<p>Antrochoanal polyps, 293</p>
<p>Granulomatous sinonasal inflammatory disease, 293</p>
<p>Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (previously known as Wegener granulomatosis), 294</p>
<p>Sarcoidosis, 294</p>
<p>Nasal cocaine necrosis, 295</p>
<p>19.5 Neoplastic disease, 296</p>
<p>Benign tumours, 296</p>
<p>Juvenile angiofibroma, 296</p>
<p>Sinus osteoma, 296</p>
<p>Sinonasal inverting papilloma, 297</p>
<p>Sinonasal cancers, 297</p>
<p>Sinonasal SCCa, 298</p>
<p>Sinonasal adenocarcinoma, 300</p>
<p>Minor salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma, 300</p>
<p>Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, 300</p>
<p>Esthesioneuroblastoma or olfactory neuroblastoma, 301</p>
<p>Lymphoma, 302</p>
<p>PHARYNGEAL AIRWAY IMPRESSIONS, 303</p>
<p>19.6 Summary of causes of nasopharyngeal narrowing, 303</p>
<p>19.7 Summary of causes of oropharyngeal narrowing, 303</p>
<p>19.8 Malignant disease, 303</p>
<p>Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), 303</p>
<p>Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, 304</p>
<p>19.9 Benign entities, 305</p>
<p>Tornwald cyst, 305</p>
<p>Tortuous carotid arteries, 305</p>
<p>Lingual thyroid, 305</p>
<p>Foreign body ingestion, 307</p>
<p>19.10 Inflammatory lesions, 307</p>
<p>Tonsil hypertrophy and adenoid hypertrophy, 307</p>
<p>Retention cysts, 307</p>
<p>Tonsillitis, 308</p>
<p>Tonsillar and peritonsillar abscess, 309</p>
<p>Retropharyngeal space abscess, 310</p>
<p>Acute longus colli tendinitis, 310</p>
<p>19.11 Retropharyngeal adenopathy, 311</p>
<p>20 The Skull Base, 312</p>
<p>CONSTITUTIONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATIONS, 312</p>
<p>20.1 Ossification of the interclinoid ligaments, 312</p>
<p>20.2 Benign notochordal cell tumour (ecchordosis physaliphora), 313</p>
<p>20.3 Persistence of the craniopharyngeal canal, 314</p>
<p>20.4 Arrested pneumatisation of the skull base, 315</p>
<p>20.5 Meningoencephaloceles, 316</p>
<p>20.6 Nasolacrimal duct mucocele (dacryocystocele), 317</p>
<p>20.7 Empty sella syndrome, 318</p>
<p>LESIONS OF THE SKULL BASE, 319</p>
<p>20.8 Pituitary macroadenoma, 319</p>
<p>20.9 Clival chordoma, 320</p>
<p>20.10 Skull base meningioma, 321</p>
<p>20.11 Skull base metastasis, 323</p>
<p>20.12 Chondrosarcoma, 324</p>
<p>20.13 Lymphoma, 325</p>
<p>20.14 Skull base plasmacytoma/multiple myeloma, 326</p>
<p>20.15 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 327</p>
<p>20.16 Fibrous dysplasia, 327</p>
<p>20.17 Paget disease, 328</p>
<p>20.18 Petrous apex lesions, 329</p>
<p>EXPANSION OF SKULL BASE FORAMINA, 331</p>
<p>20.19 Nerve sheath tumours, 331</p>
<p>20.20 Perineural metastatic disease, 332</p>
<p>21 The Cervical Spine, 333</p>
<p>CONGENITAL VARIATIONS, 333</p>
<p>DEGENERATIVE DISEASE, 336</p>
<p>21.1 Cervical spondylosis, 336</p>
<p>21.2 Diffuse idiopathic hyperostosis, 337</p>
<p>21.3 Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, 338</p>
<p>INFLAMMATORY AND DEPOSITIONAL CONDITIONS, 339</p>
<p>21.4 Rheumatoid arthritis, 339</p>
<p>21.5 Ankylosing spondylitis, 340</p>
<p>21.6 Osteomyelitis/discitis/facetal septic arthritis, including tuberculosis, 341</p>
<p>TUMOURS AND TUMOUR–LIKE LESIONS, 342</p>
<p>21.7 Metastatic tumours, 342</p>
<p>21.8 Multiple myeloma, 344</p>
<p>21.9 Aneurysmal bone cysts, 344</p>
<p>21.10 Peripheral nerve sheath tumours, 345</p>
<p>Index, 347</p>