Abdominal X–rays for Medical Students
Samenvatting
Highly Commended at the British Medical Association Book Awards 2016
Abdominal X–rays for Medical Students is a comprehensive resource offering guidance on reading, presenting and interpreting abdominal radiographs. Suitable for medical students, junior doctors, nurses and trainee radiographers, this brand new title is clearly illustrated using a unique colour overlay system to present the main pathologies and to highlight the abnormalities in abdomen x–rays.
Abdominal X–rays for Medical Students:
Covers the key knowledge and skills necessary for practical use
Provides an effective and memorable way to analyse and present abdominal radiographs – the unique ′ABCDE′ system as developed by the authors
Presents each radiograph twice, side by side: the first as seen in the clinical setting, and the second with the pathology clearly highlighted
Includes self–assessment to test knowledge and presentation technique
With a systematic approach covering both the analysis of radiographs and next steps mirroring the clinical setting and context, Abdominal X–rays for Medical Students is a succinct and up–to–date overview of the principles and practice of this important topic.
Specificaties
Inhoudsopgave
<p>Acknowledgements viii</p>
<p>Learning objectives checklist ix</p>
<p>Part 1 About X–rays 1</p>
<p>What are X–rays? 1</p>
<p>How are X–rays produced? 1</p>
<p>How do X–rays make an image? 2</p>
<p>How are X–ray images (radiographs) stored? 3</p>
<p>Radiation hazards 3</p>
<p>The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 3</p>
<p>In women of reproductive age 3</p>
<p>Indications for an abdominal X–ray 4</p>
<p>Abdominal X–ray views 5</p>
<p>AP Supine abdominal X–ray 5</p>
<p>Other views 5</p>
<p>Radiograph quality 6</p>
<p>Inclusion 6</p>
<p>Exposure 6</p>
<p>Normal anatomy on an abdominal X–ray 8</p>
<p>Right and left (Figure 7) 8</p>
<p>Quadrants and regions (Figure 8) 8</p>
<p>Abdominal viscera 1 (Figure 9) 8</p>
<p>Abdominal viscera 2 (Figure 10) 9</p>
<p>Skeletal structures (Figure 11) 10</p>
<p>Pelvis (Figure 12) 10</p>
<p>Lung bases (may be visualised at the top of the abdomen) (Figure 13) 11</p>
<p>Bowel 1 (Figure 14) 11</p>
<p>Bowel 2 (Figure 15) 12</p>
<p>Presenting an abdominal radiograph 14</p>
<p>Be systematic! 14</p>
<p>Part 2 Overview of the ABCDE of abdominal radiographs 15</p>
<p>A Air in the wrong place 16</p>
<p>Pneumoperitoneum (gas in the peritoneal cavity) 21</p>
<p>Pneumoretroperitoneum (gas in the retroperitoneal space) 26</p>
<p>Pneumobilia (gas in the biliary tree) 28</p>
<p>Portal venous gas (gas in the portal vein) 29</p>
<p>B Bowel 17</p>
<p>Dilated small bowel 30</p>
<p>Dilated large bowel 34</p>
<p>Volvulus 37</p>
<p>Dilated stomach 40</p>
<p>Hernia 41</p>
<p>Bowel wall inflammation 43</p>
<p>Faecal loading 48</p>
<p>Faecal impaction 49</p>
<p>C Calcification 18</p>
<p>Gallstones in the gallbladder (cholelithiasis) 50</p>
<p>Renal stones (urolithiasis) 53</p>
<p>Bladder stones 56</p>
<p>Nephrocalcinosis 57</p>
<p>Pancreatic calcification 58</p>
<p>Adrenal calcification 59</p>
<p>Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) calcification 60</p>
<p>Fetus 62</p>
<p>Calcified structures of little clinical significance 63</p>
<p>Calcified costal cartilage 63</p>
<p>Phleboliths ( vein stones ) 63</p>
<p>Calcified mesenteric lymph nodes 64</p>
<p>Calcified uterine fibroids 65</p>
<p>Prostate calcification 65</p>
<p>Abdominal aortic calcification (normal calibre) 66</p>
<p>Splenic artery calcification 66</p>
<p>D Disability (bones and solid organs) 19</p>
<p>Pelvic fractures 3 Polo rings test 67</p>
<p>Sclerotic and lucent bone lesions 68</p>
<p>Spine pathology 69</p>
<p>Solid organ enlargement 71</p>
<p>E Everything else 20</p>
<p>Medical and surgical objects (iatrogenic) 73</p>
<p>Surgical clips/staples/sutures 73</p>
<p>Urinary catheter 75</p>
<p>Supra–pubic catheter 75</p>
<p>Nasogastric (NG) and nasojejunal (NJ) tubes 76</p>
<p>Flatus tube 77</p>
<p>Surgical drain 78</p>
<p>Nephrostomy catheter 78</p>
<p>Peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter 79</p>
<p>Gastric band device 79</p>
<p>Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)/radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG) 80</p>
<p>Stoma bag 80</p>
<p>Stents 81</p>
<p>Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter 84</p>
<p>Intra–uterine device (IUD) 85</p>
<p>Pessary 85</p>
<p>Foreign bodies 86</p>
<p>Retained surgical swab 86</p>
<p>Swallowed objects 87</p>
<p>Objects inserted per–rectum (PR) 88</p>
<p>Clothing artefact 90</p>
<p>Piercings 90</p>
<p>Body packer 91</p>
<p>Lung bases 93</p>
<p>Self–assessment questions 94</p>
<p>Self–assessment answers 99</p>
<p>Glossary 107</p>
<p>Index 112</p>