B Barton
John Wiley & Sons
2e druk, 2014
9781118589939
Medical Statistics – A Guide to SPSS, Data Analysis and Critical Appraisal 2e
A Guide to SPSS, Data Analysis and Critical Appraisal
Specificaties
Paperback, 408 blz.
|
Engels
John Wiley & Sons |
2e druk, 2014
ISBN13: 9781118589939
Rubricering
Verwachte levertijd ongeveer 9 werkdagen
Samenvatting
Medical Statistics provides you with the essential knowledge and skills to undertake and understand evidence–based clinical research. This book is invaluable for researchers and clinicians engaged in a wide range of research studies. A practical, comprehensive, stepby–step guide is provided – from study design, required sample size, selecting the correct statistical test, checking test assumptions, conducting and interpreting statistics, interpretation of effect sizes and P values, to how best report results for presentation and publication.
The SPSS commands for methods of statistical analyses frequently conducted in the health care literature are included such, as t–tests, ANOVA, regression, survival analysis, diagnostic and risk statistics etc. In addition, the most relevant corresponding output and interpretation is presented, with clear and concise explanations. Each chapter includes worked research examples with real data sets that can be downloaded. Critical appraisal checklists are also included to help researchers systemically evaluate the results of studies. This new edition includes a new chapter on longitudinal data that includes both a repeated measures and mixed models approach. Furthermore, all commands and output have been updated to IBM Statistics SPSS version 21 and SigmaPlot version 12.5.
Data sets for this book can be downloaded from
www.wiley.com/go/barton/medicalstatistics2e
Specificaties
ISBN13:9781118589939
Taal:Engels
Bindwijze:paperback
Aantal pagina's:408
Uitgever:John Wiley & Sons
Druk:2
Inhoudsopgave
<p>Introduction, ix</p>
<p>Acknowledgements, xiii</p>
<p>About the companion website, xv</p>
<p>Chapter 1 Creating an SPSS data file and preparing to analyse the data, 1</p>
<p>1.1 Creating an SPSS data file, 1</p>
<p>1.2 Opening data from Excel in SPSS, 6</p>
<p>1.3 Categorical and continuous variables, 7</p>
<p>1.4 Classifying variables for analyses, 7</p>
<p>1.5 Hypothesis testing and P values, 8</p>
<p>1.6 Choosing the correct statistical test, 9</p>
<p>1.7 Sample size requirements, 10</p>
<p>1.8 Study handbook and data analysis plan, 12</p>
<p>1.9 Documentation, 13</p>
<p>1.10 Checking the data, 13</p>
<p>1.11 Avoiding and replacing missing values, 14</p>
<p>1.12 SPSS data management capabilities, 16</p>
<p>1.13 Managing SPSS output, 20</p>
<p>1.14 SPSS help commands, 21</p>
<p>1.15 Golden rules for reporting numbers, 21</p>
<p>1.16 Notes for critical appraisal, 21</p>
<p>References, 23</p>
<p>Chapter 2 Descriptive statistics, 24</p>
<p>2.1 Parametric and non–parametric statistics, 25</p>
<p>2.2 Normal distribution, 25</p>
<p>2.3 Skewed distributions, 26</p>
<p>2.4 Checking for normality, 29</p>
<p>2.5 Transforming skewed variables, 43</p>
<p>2.6 Data analysis pathway, 49</p>
<p>2.7 Reporting descriptive statistics, 49</p>
<p>2.8 Checking for normality in published results, 50</p>
<p>2.9 Notes for critical appraisal, 51</p>
<p>References, 51</p>
<p>Chapter 3 Comparing two independent samples, 52</p>
<p>3.1 Comparing the means of two independent samples, 52</p>
<p>3.2 One– and two–sided tests of significance, 54</p>
<p>3.3 Effect sizes, 55</p>
<p>3.4 Study design, 57</p>
<p>3.5 Influence of sample size, 58</p>
<p>3.6 Two–sample t–test, 71</p>
<p>3.7 Confidence intervals, 73</p>
<p>3.8 Reporting the results from two–sample t–tests, 75</p>
<p>3.9 Rank–based non–parametric tests, 80</p>
<p>3.10 Notes for critical appraisal, 88</p>
<p>References, 89</p>
<p>Chapter 4 Paired and one–sample t–tests, 90</p>
<p>4.1 Paired t–tests, 90</p>
<p>4.2 Non–parametric test for paired data, 97</p>
<p>4.3 Standardizing for differences in baseline measurements, 99</p>
<p>4.4 Single–sample t–test, 102</p>
<p>4.5 Testing for a between–group difference, 106</p>
<p>4.6 Notes for critical appraisal, 110</p>
<p>References, 111</p>
<p>Chapter 5 Analysis of variance, 112</p>
<p>5.1 Building ANOVA and ANCOVA models, 113</p>
<p>5.2 ANOVA models, 113</p>
<p>5.3 One–way analysis of variance, 117</p>
<p>5.4 Effect size for ANOVA, 127</p>
<p>5.5 Post–hoc tests for ANOVA, 128</p>
<p>5.6 Testing for a trend, 133</p>
<p>5.7 Reporting the results of a one–way ANOVA, 134</p>
<p>5.8 Factorial ANOVA models, 135</p>
<p>5.9 An example of a three–way ANOVA, 140</p>
<p>5.10 Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), 145</p>
<p>5.11 Testing the model assumptions of ANOVA/ANCOVA, 149</p>
<p>5.12 Reporting the results of an ANCOVA, 158</p>
<p>5.13 Notes for critical appraisal, 158</p>
<p>References, 160</p>
<p>Chapter 6 Analyses of longitudinal data, 161</p>
<p>6.1 Study design, 161</p>
<p>6.2 Sample size and power, 162</p>
<p>6.3 Covariates, 163</p>
<p>6.4 Assumptions of repeated measures ANOVA and mixed models, 163</p>
<p>6.5 Repeated measures analysis of variance, 164</p>
<p>6.6 Linear mixed models, 182</p>
<p>6.7 Notes for critical appraisal, 195</p>
<p>References, 196</p>
<p>Chapter 7 Correlation and regression, 197</p>
<p>7.1 Correlation coefficients, 197</p>
<p>7.2 Regression models, 205</p>
<p>7.3 Multiple linear regression, 213</p>
<p>7.4 Interactions, 230</p>
<p>7.5 Residuals, 235</p>
<p>7.6 Outliers and remote points, 237</p>
<p>7.7 Validating the model, 240</p>
<p>7.8 Reporting a multiple linear regression, 241</p>
<p>7.9 Non–linear regression, 242</p>
<p>7.10 Centering, 244</p>
<p>7.11 Notes for critical appraisal, 247</p>
<p>References, 247</p>
<p>Chapter 8 Rates and proportions, 249</p>
<p>8.1 Summarizing categorical variables, 249</p>
<p>8.2 Describing baseline characteristics, 251</p>
<p>8.3 Incidence and prevalence, 252</p>
<p>8.4 Chi–square tests, 253</p>
<p>8.5 2 × 3 Chi–square tables, 260</p>
<p>8.6 Cells with small numbers, 262</p>
<p>8.7 Exact chi square test, 263</p>
<p>8.8 Number of cells that can be tested, 264</p>
<p>8.9 Reporting chi–square tests and proportions, 266</p>
<p>8.10 Large contingency tables, 267</p>
<p>8.11 Categorizing continuous variables, 271</p>
<p>8.12 Chi–square trend test for ordered variables, 273</p>
<p>8.13 Number needed to treat (NNT), 277</p>
<p>8.14 Paired categorical variables: McNemar s chi–square test, 281</p>
<p>8.15 Notes for critical appraisal, 285</p>
<p>References, 286</p>
<p>Chapter 9 Risk statistics, 287</p>
<p>9.1 Risk statistics, 287</p>
<p>9.2 Study design, 288</p>
<p>9.3 Odds ratio, 288</p>
<p>9.4 Protective odds ratios, 296</p>
<p>9.5 Adjusted odds ratios, 298</p>
<p>9.6 Relative risk, 308</p>
<p>9.7 Number needed to be exposed for one additional person to be harmed (NNEH), 312</p>
<p>9.8 Notes for critical appraisal, 312</p>
<p>References, 313</p>
<p>Chapter 10 Tests of reliability and agreement, 314</p>
<p>10.1 Reliability and agreement, 314</p>
<p>10.2 Kappa statistic, 317</p>
<p>10.3 Reliability of continuous measurements, 321</p>
<p>10.4 Intra–class correlation, 322</p>
<p>10.5 Measures of agreement, 325</p>
<p>10.6 Notes for critical appraisal, 329</p>
<p>References, 329</p>
<p>Chapter 11 Diagnostic statistics, 331</p>
<p>11.1 Coding for diagnostic statistics, 331</p>
<p>11.2 Positive and negative predictive values, 332</p>
<p>11.3 Sensitivity and specificity, 335</p>
<p>11.4 Likelihood ratio, 338</p>
<p>11.5 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves, 339</p>
<p>11.6 Notes for critical appraisal, 348</p>
<p>References, 349</p>
<p>Chapter 12 Survival analyses, 350</p>
<p>12.1 Study design, 351</p>
<p>12.2 Censored observations, 351</p>
<p>12.3 Kaplan Meier survival method, 351</p>
<p>12.4 Cox regression, 360</p>
<p>12.5 Questions for critical appraisal, 368</p>
<p>References, 368</p>
<p>Glossary, 370</p>
<p>Useful websites, 381</p>
<p>Index, 385</p>
<p>Acknowledgements, xiii</p>
<p>About the companion website, xv</p>
<p>Chapter 1 Creating an SPSS data file and preparing to analyse the data, 1</p>
<p>1.1 Creating an SPSS data file, 1</p>
<p>1.2 Opening data from Excel in SPSS, 6</p>
<p>1.3 Categorical and continuous variables, 7</p>
<p>1.4 Classifying variables for analyses, 7</p>
<p>1.5 Hypothesis testing and P values, 8</p>
<p>1.6 Choosing the correct statistical test, 9</p>
<p>1.7 Sample size requirements, 10</p>
<p>1.8 Study handbook and data analysis plan, 12</p>
<p>1.9 Documentation, 13</p>
<p>1.10 Checking the data, 13</p>
<p>1.11 Avoiding and replacing missing values, 14</p>
<p>1.12 SPSS data management capabilities, 16</p>
<p>1.13 Managing SPSS output, 20</p>
<p>1.14 SPSS help commands, 21</p>
<p>1.15 Golden rules for reporting numbers, 21</p>
<p>1.16 Notes for critical appraisal, 21</p>
<p>References, 23</p>
<p>Chapter 2 Descriptive statistics, 24</p>
<p>2.1 Parametric and non–parametric statistics, 25</p>
<p>2.2 Normal distribution, 25</p>
<p>2.3 Skewed distributions, 26</p>
<p>2.4 Checking for normality, 29</p>
<p>2.5 Transforming skewed variables, 43</p>
<p>2.6 Data analysis pathway, 49</p>
<p>2.7 Reporting descriptive statistics, 49</p>
<p>2.8 Checking for normality in published results, 50</p>
<p>2.9 Notes for critical appraisal, 51</p>
<p>References, 51</p>
<p>Chapter 3 Comparing two independent samples, 52</p>
<p>3.1 Comparing the means of two independent samples, 52</p>
<p>3.2 One– and two–sided tests of significance, 54</p>
<p>3.3 Effect sizes, 55</p>
<p>3.4 Study design, 57</p>
<p>3.5 Influence of sample size, 58</p>
<p>3.6 Two–sample t–test, 71</p>
<p>3.7 Confidence intervals, 73</p>
<p>3.8 Reporting the results from two–sample t–tests, 75</p>
<p>3.9 Rank–based non–parametric tests, 80</p>
<p>3.10 Notes for critical appraisal, 88</p>
<p>References, 89</p>
<p>Chapter 4 Paired and one–sample t–tests, 90</p>
<p>4.1 Paired t–tests, 90</p>
<p>4.2 Non–parametric test for paired data, 97</p>
<p>4.3 Standardizing for differences in baseline measurements, 99</p>
<p>4.4 Single–sample t–test, 102</p>
<p>4.5 Testing for a between–group difference, 106</p>
<p>4.6 Notes for critical appraisal, 110</p>
<p>References, 111</p>
<p>Chapter 5 Analysis of variance, 112</p>
<p>5.1 Building ANOVA and ANCOVA models, 113</p>
<p>5.2 ANOVA models, 113</p>
<p>5.3 One–way analysis of variance, 117</p>
<p>5.4 Effect size for ANOVA, 127</p>
<p>5.5 Post–hoc tests for ANOVA, 128</p>
<p>5.6 Testing for a trend, 133</p>
<p>5.7 Reporting the results of a one–way ANOVA, 134</p>
<p>5.8 Factorial ANOVA models, 135</p>
<p>5.9 An example of a three–way ANOVA, 140</p>
<p>5.10 Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), 145</p>
<p>5.11 Testing the model assumptions of ANOVA/ANCOVA, 149</p>
<p>5.12 Reporting the results of an ANCOVA, 158</p>
<p>5.13 Notes for critical appraisal, 158</p>
<p>References, 160</p>
<p>Chapter 6 Analyses of longitudinal data, 161</p>
<p>6.1 Study design, 161</p>
<p>6.2 Sample size and power, 162</p>
<p>6.3 Covariates, 163</p>
<p>6.4 Assumptions of repeated measures ANOVA and mixed models, 163</p>
<p>6.5 Repeated measures analysis of variance, 164</p>
<p>6.6 Linear mixed models, 182</p>
<p>6.7 Notes for critical appraisal, 195</p>
<p>References, 196</p>
<p>Chapter 7 Correlation and regression, 197</p>
<p>7.1 Correlation coefficients, 197</p>
<p>7.2 Regression models, 205</p>
<p>7.3 Multiple linear regression, 213</p>
<p>7.4 Interactions, 230</p>
<p>7.5 Residuals, 235</p>
<p>7.6 Outliers and remote points, 237</p>
<p>7.7 Validating the model, 240</p>
<p>7.8 Reporting a multiple linear regression, 241</p>
<p>7.9 Non–linear regression, 242</p>
<p>7.10 Centering, 244</p>
<p>7.11 Notes for critical appraisal, 247</p>
<p>References, 247</p>
<p>Chapter 8 Rates and proportions, 249</p>
<p>8.1 Summarizing categorical variables, 249</p>
<p>8.2 Describing baseline characteristics, 251</p>
<p>8.3 Incidence and prevalence, 252</p>
<p>8.4 Chi–square tests, 253</p>
<p>8.5 2 × 3 Chi–square tables, 260</p>
<p>8.6 Cells with small numbers, 262</p>
<p>8.7 Exact chi square test, 263</p>
<p>8.8 Number of cells that can be tested, 264</p>
<p>8.9 Reporting chi–square tests and proportions, 266</p>
<p>8.10 Large contingency tables, 267</p>
<p>8.11 Categorizing continuous variables, 271</p>
<p>8.12 Chi–square trend test for ordered variables, 273</p>
<p>8.13 Number needed to treat (NNT), 277</p>
<p>8.14 Paired categorical variables: McNemar s chi–square test, 281</p>
<p>8.15 Notes for critical appraisal, 285</p>
<p>References, 286</p>
<p>Chapter 9 Risk statistics, 287</p>
<p>9.1 Risk statistics, 287</p>
<p>9.2 Study design, 288</p>
<p>9.3 Odds ratio, 288</p>
<p>9.4 Protective odds ratios, 296</p>
<p>9.5 Adjusted odds ratios, 298</p>
<p>9.6 Relative risk, 308</p>
<p>9.7 Number needed to be exposed for one additional person to be harmed (NNEH), 312</p>
<p>9.8 Notes for critical appraisal, 312</p>
<p>References, 313</p>
<p>Chapter 10 Tests of reliability and agreement, 314</p>
<p>10.1 Reliability and agreement, 314</p>
<p>10.2 Kappa statistic, 317</p>
<p>10.3 Reliability of continuous measurements, 321</p>
<p>10.4 Intra–class correlation, 322</p>
<p>10.5 Measures of agreement, 325</p>
<p>10.6 Notes for critical appraisal, 329</p>
<p>References, 329</p>
<p>Chapter 11 Diagnostic statistics, 331</p>
<p>11.1 Coding for diagnostic statistics, 331</p>
<p>11.2 Positive and negative predictive values, 332</p>
<p>11.3 Sensitivity and specificity, 335</p>
<p>11.4 Likelihood ratio, 338</p>
<p>11.5 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves, 339</p>
<p>11.6 Notes for critical appraisal, 348</p>
<p>References, 349</p>
<p>Chapter 12 Survival analyses, 350</p>
<p>12.1 Study design, 351</p>
<p>12.2 Censored observations, 351</p>
<p>12.3 Kaplan Meier survival method, 351</p>
<p>12.4 Cox regression, 360</p>
<p>12.5 Questions for critical appraisal, 368</p>
<p>References, 368</p>
<p>Glossary, 370</p>
<p>Useful websites, 381</p>
<p>Index, 385</p>
