Application of Nanotechnology in Water Research

<p>Preface xix<br /> <br /> Part 1: General 1<br /> <br /> 1 Nanotechnology and Water: Ethical and Regulatory Considerations 3<br /> Jillian Gardner and Ames Dhai<br /> <br /> 1.1 Introduction 3<br /> <br /> 1.2 Ethics and Nanotechnology&nbsp; 4<br /> <br /> 1.3 Legal and Regulatory Issues and Concerns Related to the Application of Nanotechnology in the Water Sector 14<br /> <br /> 1.4 Nanotechnology, Water and Human Health Research 17<br /> <br /> 1.5 Conclusion 18<br /> <br /> References 19<br /> <br /> 2 Nanoparticles Released into Water Systems from Nanoproducts&nbsp;and Structural Nanocomposites Applications 21<br /> James Njuguna, Laura Gendre and Sophia Sachse<br /> <br /> 2.1 Introduction 21<br /> <br /> 2.2 Case Study on Polyurethane/Organically–Modified Montmorillonite&nbsp; (PU/OMMT)&nbsp; Nanofoam Nanoparticles in Water Suspension 23<br /> <br /> 2.3 Methodology 25<br /> <br /> 2.4 Results and Discussion 27<br /> <br /> 2.5 Conclusion 32<br /> <br /> Acknowledgement 33<br /> <br /> References 33<br /> <br /> Part 2: Remediation 37<br /> <br /> 3 Prospects for Immobilization of Microbial Sorbents on Carbon Nanotubes for Biosorption: Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Polluted Water 39<br /> E. Fosso–Kankeu, A.F. Mulaba–Bafubiandi and A.K. Mishra<br /> <br /> 3.1 Dispersion of Metal Pollutants in Water Sources 40<br /> <br /> 3.2 Removal of Metal by Conventional Methods 41<br /> <br /> 3.3 Microbial Sorbents for Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals from Water 42<br /> <br /> 3.4 Immobilization of Microbial Sorbents on CNTs 50<br /> <br /> 3.5 Conclusion 54<br /> <br /> References 54<br /> <br /> 4 Plasma Technology: A New Remediation for Water Purification with or without Nanoparticles 63<br /> Pankaj Attri, Bharti Arora, Rohit Bhatia, P. Venkatesu and Eun Ha Choi<br /> <br /> 4.1 Introduction 63<br /> <br /> 4.2 Water Purification Using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) 64<br /> <br /> 4.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Plasma and Its Application towards Water Purification 65<br /> <br /> 4.4 Application of Plasma for Water Purification 67<br /> <br /> 4.5 Combined Action of Nanoparticles and Plasma for Water Purification 73<br /> <br /> 4.6 Conclusion 74<br /> <br /> References 75<br /> <br /> 5 Polysaccharide–Based Nanosorbents in Water Remediation 79<br /> R.B. Shrivastava, P. Singh, J. Bajpai and A.K. Bajpai<br /> <br /> 5.1 Introduction 80<br /> <br /> 5.2 Water Pollution 81<br /> <br /> 5.3 Hazardous Effects of Toxic Metal Ions 85<br /> <br /> 5.4 Technologies for Water Remediation 87<br /> <br /> 5.5 Shortcomings of the Technologies Used for Water Remediation 89<br /> <br /> 5.6 Nanotechnology 90<br /> <br /> 5.7 Polysaccharides 95<br /> <br /> 5.8 Advantages of Using Polysaccharides for Removal of Toxic Metal Ions 104<br /> <br /> 5.9 Brief Review of the Work Done 106<br /> <br /> References 107<br /> <br /> Part 3: Membranes &amp; Carbon Nanotubes 115<br /> <br /> 6 The Use of Carbonaceous Nanomembrane Filter for Organic Waste Removal 117<br /> Farheen Khan, Rizwan Wahab, Mohd. Rashid, Asif Khan, Asma Khatoon, Javed Musarrat and Abdulaziz A.Al–Khedhairy<br /> <br /> 6.1 Introduction 118<br /> <br /> 6.2 Organic Wastes and Organic Pollutant 120<br /> <br /> 6.3 Low–Cost Adsorbents 123<br /> <br /> 6.4 Heavy Metals 124<br /> <br /> 6.5 Composite Materials 127<br /> <br /> 6.6 Carbonaceous Materials 128<br /> <br /> 6.7 Experimental 132<br /> <br /> 6.8 Nanomaterials 136<br /> <br /> 6.9 Summary and Future Directions 139<br /> <br /> References 139<br /> <br /> 7 Carbon Nanotubes in the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution 153<br /> M.A. Mamo and A.K. Mishra<br /> <br /> 7.1 Introduction 153<br /> <br /> 7.2 Synthesis of CNTs 155<br /> <br /> 7.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 155<br /> <br /> 7.4 Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions on Carbon Nanotubes 160<br /> <br /> 7.5 Competitive Adsorption 165<br /> <br /> 7.6 Summary and Conclusion 168<br /> <br /> References 168<br /> <br /> 8 Application of Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Composites and Carbon Nanotube–Semiconductor Hybrids in Water Treatment 183<br /> G. Mamba, X.Y. Mbianda and A.K. Mishra<br /> <br /> 8.1 Introduction 183<br /> <br /> 8.2 Classification of Dyes 184<br /> <br /> 8.3 Conventional Treatment Technologies for Textile Effluent 190<br /> <br /> 8.4 Conclusion 220<br /> <br /> Acknowledgements 221<br /> <br /> References 222<br /> <br /> 9 Advances in Nanotechnologies for Point–of–Use and Point–of–Entry Water Purification 229<br /> Sabelo Dalton Mhlanga and Edward Ndumiso Nxumalo<br /> <br /> 9.1 Introduction 230<br /> <br /> 9.2 Nanotechnology–Enabled POU/POE Systems for Drinking Water Treatment 233<br /> <br /> 9.3 Absorptive Nanocomposites Polymers Based on Cyclodextrins 235<br /> <br /> 9.4 Nanotechnology–Based Membrane Filtration 244<br /> <br /> 9.5 Ceramic–Based Filters and Nanofibers 254<br /> <br /> 9.6 Challenges and Opportunities 259<br /> <br /> References 262<br /> <br /> Part 4: Nanomaterials 269<br /> <br /> 10 Mesoporous Materials as Potential Absorbents for Water Purification 271<br /> Ephraim Vunain and Reinout Meijboom<br /> <br /> 10.1 Introduction 271<br /> <br /> 10.2 Generalized Synthesis of Mesoporous Materials 272<br /> <br /> 10.3 Common Method of Synthesizing Silicate Mesoporous Molecular Sieves 276<br /> <br /> 10.4 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 280<br /> <br /> 10.5 Conclusions 282<br /> <br /> References 283<br /> <br /> 11 Removal of Fluoride from Potable Water Using Smart&nbsp; Nanomaterial as Adsorbent 285<br /> Dinesh Kumar and Vaishali Tomar<br /> <br /> 11.1 Introduction 286<br /> <br /> 11.2 Technologies for Defluoridation 289<br /> <br /> 11.3 Conclusions 303<br /> <br /> Acknowledgement 303<br /> <br /> References 303<br /> <br /> 12 Chemical Nanosensors for Monitoring Environmental Pollution 309<br /> Sadanand Pandey and Shivani B Mishra<br /> <br /> 12.1 Introduction 309<br /> <br /> 12.2 Conclusion 325<br /> <br /> 12.3 Challenges and Future Prospect 326<br /> <br /> Acknowledgements 327<br /> <br /> References 327<br /> <br /> 13 Reduction of 4–Nitrophenol as a Model Reaction for Nanocatalysis 333<br /> Jihyang Noh and Reinout Meijboom<br /> <br /> 13.1 Introduction 333<br /> <br /> 13.2 Kinetic Evaluation and Mechanism of 4–NP Reduction 337<br /> <br /> 13.3 Effect of Various Conditions 360<br /> <br /> 13.4 Synthetic Methods of Metal Nanocomposites and Their 4–NP Catalysis 364<br /> <br /> 13.5 Conclusion 395<br /> <br /> References 395<br /> <br /> Part 5: Water Treatment 407<br /> <br /> 14 Doped Diamond Electrodes for Water Treatment 409<br /> Qingyi Shao, Guangwen Wang, Cairu Shao, Juan Zhang and Shejun Hu<br /> <br /> 14.1 Introduction 410<br /> <br /> 14.2 Calculation Method 414<br /> <br /> 14.3 Calculation Results and Discussions 416<br /> <br /> 14.4 Conclusions 428<br /> <br /> References 430<br /> <br /> 15 Multifunctional Silver, Copper and Zero Valent Iron Metallic Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment 435<br /> S.C.G. Kiruba Daniel, S. Malathi, S. Balasubramanian, M. Sivakumar and T. Anitha Sironmani<br /> <br /> 15.1 Introduction 436<br /> <br /> 15.2 Metal Nanoparticles and Microbial Inactivation 437<br /> <br /> 15.3 Metal Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal and Dye Removal 441<br /> <br /> 15.4 Multifunctional Hybrid Nanoparticles Ag, Cu and ZVI 443<br /> <br /> 15.5 Mechanism of Action 445<br /> <br /> 15.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends 448<br /> <br /> Acknowledgement 448<br /> <br /> References 448<br /> <br /> 16 Iron Oxide Materials for Photo–Fenton Conversion of Water Pollutants 459<br /> S.A.C. Carabineiro, A.M.T. Silva, C.G. Silva, R.A. Segundo, P.B. Tavares, N. Bogdanchikova, J.L. Figueiredo and J.L. Faria<br /> <br /> 16.1 Introduction 460<br /> <br /> 16.2 Experimental 461<br /> <br /> 16.3 Results and Discussion 463<br /> <br /> 16.4 Conclusions 471<br /> <br /> Acknowledgments 472<br /> <br /> References 472<br /> <br /> 17 Nanomaterials with Uniform Composition in Wastewater Treatment and Their Applications 475<br /> Farheen Khan and Rizwan Wahab<br /> <br /> 17.1 Introduction 476<br /> <br /> 17.2 Experimental 488<br /> <br /> 17.3 Effects of Pollutants on Health and the Environment 490<br /> <br /> 17.4 Summary and Future Directions 499<br /> <br /> References 500<br /> <br /> Index 513</p>