Christopher S. Colwell,
CS Colwell
John Wiley & Sons
e druk, 2015
9781118467787
Circadian Medicine
Specificaties
Paperback, 376 blz.
|
Engels
John Wiley & Sons |
e druk, 2015
ISBN13: 9781118467787
Rubricering
Verwachte levertijd ongeveer 9 werkdagen
Samenvatting
Circadian rhythms, the biological oscillations based around our 24–hour clock, have a profound effect on human physiology and healthy cellular function. Circadian Rhythms: Health and Disease is a wide–ranging foundational text that provides students and researchers with valuable information on the molecular and genetic underpinnings of circadian rhythms and looks at the impacts of disruption in our biological clocks in health and disease.
Circadian Rhythms opens with chapters that lay the fundamental groundwork on circadian rhythm biology. Section II looks at the impact of circadian rhythms on major organ systems. Section III then turns its focus to the central nervous system. The book then closes with a look at the role of biological rhythms in aging and neurodegeneration.
Written in an accessible and informative style, Circadian Rhythms: Health and Disease,will be an invaluable resource and entry point into this fascinating interdisciplinary field that brings together aspects of neuroscience, cell and molecular biology, and physiology.
Specificaties
Inhoudsopgave
<p>List of Contributors xiii</p>
<p>Preface xvii</p>
<p>Part I Fundamental Concepts 1</p>
<p>1 Cytosolic and Transcriptional</p>
<p>Cycles Underlying Circadian Oscillations 3<br />Michael H. Hastings and John S. O Neill</p>
<p>1.1 Introduction 3</p>
<p>1.2 Assembling the transcriptional feedback loop 5</p>
<p>1.3 Keeping the transcriptional clockworks in tune 9</p>
<p>1.4 Building posttranslational mechanisms into the circadian pacemaker 13</p>
<p>1.5 Is the transcriptional clock paramount? 15</p>
<p>1.6 Conclusion: cytoscillators, clocks and therapies 18</p>
<p>References 18</p>
<p>2 Molecular Determinants of Human Circadian Clocks 25<br />Steven A. Brown</p>
<p>2.1 Molecular elements of human clocks: a brief review 25</p>
<p>2.2 Peripheral and central clocks 26</p>
<p>2.3 Signaling to peripheral circadian clocks 28</p>
<p>2.4 Human peripheral and central clocks 29</p>
<p>2.5 Human genetics 29</p>
<p>2.6 Technologies for measurement of human circadian clocks 30</p>
<p>2.7 Cellular methods 30</p>
<p>2.8 Omics ]based methods to analyze human clocks 32</p>
<p>2.9 Summary and outlook 33</p>
<p>References 33</p>
<p>3 The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN): Critical Points 37<br />Christopher S. Colwell, Paul Witkovsky, and Rae Silver</p>
<p>3.1 SCN is site of master circadian pacemaker in mammals 37</p>
<p>3.2 SCN receives photic information through a specialized light detection pathway 39</p>
<p>3.3 SCN neurons are endogenous single cell oscillators that generate rhythms in neural activity 40</p>
<p>3.4 The SCN has circuit level organization that is just beginning to be unraveled 42</p>
<p>3.5 Coupling with the SCN circuit is mediated by a set of peptides with VIP on top of the hierarchy 44</p>
<p>3.6 SCN outputs 44</p>
<p>3.7 SCN in aging and disease 50</p>
<p>References 51</p>
<p>4 Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Reciprocal Partners in the Regulation of Physiology and Behavior 57<br />Ralph Mistlberger</p>
<p>4.1 Introduction 57</p>
<p>4.2 What is sleep 59</p>
<p>4.3 Circadian regulation of sleep 60</p>
<p>4.4 Reciprocity: sleep wake feedback to the circadian clock 69</p>
<p>4.5 Conclusions: Circadian clocks and sleep are intertwined processes 73</p>
<p>References 73</p>
<p>5 Circadian Regulation of Arousal and its Role in Fatigue 81<br />David R. Bonsall and Mary E. Harrington</p>
<p>5.1 Defining arousal 81</p>
<p>5.2 Brain structures important for arousal 83</p>
<p>5.3 Neurochemicals signaling the states of arousal 84</p>
<p>5.4 Circadian regulation of the arousal system 86</p>
<p>5.5 Influence of input pathways on circadian regulation of arousal 88</p>
<p>5.6 Sustained states of fatigue: a disorder of the arousal network? 88</p>
<p>5.7 Conclusions 90</p>
<p>References 91</p>
<p>Part II Circadian Regulation of Major Physiological Systems 95</p>
<p>6 Physiology of the Adrenal and Liver Circadian Clocks 97<br />Alexei Leliavski and Henrik Oster</p>
<p>6.1 Introduction 97</p>
<p>6.2 Circadian control of adrenal function 98</p>
<p>6.3 Circadian control of liver function 101</p>
<p>6.4 Conclusion 105</p>
<p>References 105</p>
<p>7 Nutrition and Diet as Potent Regulators of the Liver Clock 107<br />Yu Tahara and Shigenobu Shibata</p>
<p>7.1 Introduction 107</p>
<p>7.2 Food is a zeitgeber : The FEO in the brain 107</p>
<p>7.3 The FEO in peripheral tissues 109</p>
<p>7.4 What should we eat? What types of food can stimulate the peripheral clock? 110</p>
<p>7.5 When should we eat? Application to human life science 112</p>
<p>7.6 Circadian rhythm and obesity and diabetes 113</p>
<p>References 116</p>
<p>8 The Cardiovascular Clock 119<br />R. Daniel Rudic</p>
<p>8.1 Introduction 119</p>
<p>8.2 The vascular clock 119</p>
<p>8.3 Circadian clock regulation of the endothelial cell layer of blood vessels 120</p>
<p>8.4 The circadian clock in vascular disease 121</p>
<p>8.5 The circadian clock and vascular cell signaling 122</p>
<p>8.6 The circadian rhythm in blood pressure, nighttime hypertension, and cardiovascular disease in humans 123</p>
<p>8.7 Diabetes, obesity, and blood pressure 125</p>
<p>8.8 AT influences the circadian rhythm in experimental hypertension 126</p>
<p>8.9 The circadian clock and fluid balance 127</p>
<p>8.10 The circadian clock and peripheral vascular resistance 127</p>
<p>8.11 Conclusion 130</p>
<p>References 130</p>
<p>9 Hypertension Caused by Disruption of the Circadian System: Blood Pressure Regulation at Multiple Levels 135<br />Hitoshi Okamura, Miho Yasuda, Jean ]Michel Fustin, and Masao Doi</p>
<p>9.1 Introduction 135</p>
<p>9.2 Effects of deleting Cry genes 135</p>
<p>9.3 Reduced a–adrenoceptor responsiveness in peripheral vessels and primary aldosteronism of Cry–null mice 138</p>
<p>9.4 Rapid blood pressure control system: enhanced baroreflex in Cry–null mice 139</p>
<p>9.5 Conclusion 141</p>
<p>References 141</p>
<p>10 Chronobiology of Micturition 143<br />Akihiro Kanematsu and Hiromitsu Negoro</p>
<p>10.1 Introduction 143</p>
<p>10.2 Human studies 144</p>
<p>10.3 Animal models 146</p>
<p>10.4 The circadian clock and micturition 147</p>
<p>10.5 The clock in the bladder 148</p>
<p>10.6 Future directions 150</p>
<p>References 151</p>
<p>11 Disruption of Circadian Rhythms and Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Contributions to Insulin Resistance and Beta ]cell Failure 155<br />Aleksey V. Matveyenko</p>
<p>11.1 Introduction 155</p>
<p>11.2 Mechanisms underlying pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus: interaction between insulin resistance and beta–cell failure 156</p>
<p>11.3 Mechanisms underlying the association between circadian disruption and T2DM; potential role of obesity and insulin resistance 160</p>
<p>11.4 Mechanisms underlying the association between circadian disruption and T2DM; potential role of impaired beta–cell secretory function and mass 162</p>
<p>11.5 Conclusion 165</p>
<p>References 166</p>
<p>12 Circadian Clock Control of the Cell Cycle and Links to Cancer 169<br />T. Katherine Tamai and David Whitmore</p>
<p>12.1 Introduction 169</p>
<p>12.2 Epidemiology 169</p>
<p>12.3 Does circadian clock disruption have any relevance in a clinical setting? 170</p>
<p>12.4 Circadian clock control of the cell cycle in healthy tissues 171</p>
<p>12.5 How might the cellular circadian clock regulate cell cycle timing? 173</p>
<p>12.6 Clock disruption and cancer 177</p>
<p>12.7 Does alteration in clock gene expression in human tumors correlate with the survival of patients? 178</p>
<p>12.8 Circadian ]based chemotherapy (Chronotherapy): timing cancer treatment to improve survival 178</p>
<p>12.9 Conclusion 180</p>
<p>References 180</p>
<p>13 How Shift Work and a Destabilized Circadian System may Increase Risk for Development of Cancer and Type 2 Diabetes 183<br />An Pan, Elizabeth Devore, and Eva S. Schernhammer</p>
<p>13.1 Introduction 183</p>
<p>13.2 Shift work and cancer 184</p>
<p>13.3 Shift work and obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes 194</p>
<p>13.4 Conclusions and perspective of future studies 205</p>
<p>References 205</p>
<p>14 Circadian Rhythms in Immune Function 211<br />Kandis Adams, Oscar Castanon–Cervantes, and Alec J. Davidson</p>
<p>14.1 Introduction 211</p>
<p>14.2 Daily variations in health and disease 212</p>
<p>14.3 Early evidence of circadian regulation on immunity 212</p>
<p>14.4 Clinical relevance of circadian regulation of the immune system 213</p>
<p>14.5 The circadian system communicates time of day information to immune cells and tissues 214</p>
<p>14.6 Immune effector cells under circadian regulation 214</p>
<p>14.7 Circadian disruption role in immune pathology and disease 216</p>
<p>14.8 The effects of clock gene alterations on immune functions 217</p>
<p>14.9 Conclusions 217</p>
<p>References 218</p>
<p>Part III Clocks in the Central Nervous System 221</p>
<p>15 Circadian Clock, Reward and Addictive Behavior 223<br />Urs Albrecht</p>
<p>15.1 Introduction 223</p>
<p>15.2 Evidence for a time of day basis of addictive behavior 223</p>
<p>15.3 Drugs, circadian clock genes and addictive behavior 224</p>
<p>15.4 Links between feeding, addictive behavior and the clock 228</p>
<p>15.5 Treatment of addiction changing the circadian clock 229</p>
<p>References 231</p>
<p>16 How a Disrupted Clock may Cause a Decline in Learning and Memory 235<br />Christopher S. Colwell</p>
<p>16.1 Introduction 235</p>
<p>16.2 Molecular clockwork expressed in brain regions central to learning and memory including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex 236</p>
<p>16.3 The circadian clockwork regulates intracellular signaling pathways known to be important to learning and memory 237</p>
<p>16.4 The circadian system impacts electrical activity and synaptic plasticity 238</p>
<p>16.5 The circadian system regulates neuroendocrine secretions that are well known to alter learning and memory processes 240</p>
<p>16.6 Disruptions of the circadian timing system alter learned behavior 241</p>
<p>16.7 Conclusions 245</p>
<p>References 245</p>
<p>17 Circadian Rhythms in Mood Disorders 249<br />Colleen A. McClung</p>
<p>17.1 Introduction 249</p>
<p>17.2 Categories of rhythm disruptions 251</p>
<p>17.3 Seasonal affective disorder 252</p>
<p>17.4 Treatments for mood disorders alter rhythms 253</p>
<p>17.5 Human genetic studies 257</p>
<p>17.6 Animal studies 257</p>
<p>17.7 SCN output ]rhythmic hormones and peptides 260</p>
<p>17.8 Regulation of mood ]related brain circuits by the SCN and circadian genes 262</p>
<p>17.9 Neuroinflammation 263</p>
<p>17.10 Cell cycle regulation/neurogenesis 264</p>
<p>17.11 Conclusions 265</p>
<p>References 265</p>
<p>18 Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disruption in Psychosis 271<br />Stuart N. Peirson and Russell G. Foster</p>
<p>18.1 Introduction 271</p>
<p>18.2 Psychosis 273</p>
<p>18.3 Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychosis 275</p>
<p>18.4 Possible mechanisms underlying SCRD in psychosis 277</p>
<p>18.5 Conclusions 280</p>
<p>References 281</p>
<p>19 Alzheimer s Disease and the Mistiming of Behavior 283<br />Roxanne Sterniczuk and Michael Antle</p>
<p>19.1 Introduction 283</p>
<p>19.2 Behavioral changes 283</p>
<p>19.3 Physiological changes 285</p>
<p>19.4 Neurological changes 286</p>
<p>19.5 Modeling AD 289</p>
<p>19.6 Chronobiological treatment of AD symptomology 290</p>
<p>19.7 Conclusion 292</p>
<p>References 293</p>
<p>20 Circadian Dysfunction in Parkinson s Disease 295<br />Christopher S. Colwell</p>
<p>20.1 Introduction 295</p>
<p>20.2 Dysfunction in the circadian system may contribute to the nonmotor symptoms of PD 296</p>
<p>20.3 Dopaminergic treatments for the motor symptoms of PD may contribute to circadian disruption 297</p>
<p>20.4 PD models show sleep and possible circadian disruption 298</p>
<p>20.5 Possible underlying mechanisms 300</p>
<p>20.6 Conclusion 301</p>
<p>References 302</p>
<p>21 Circadian Dysfunction in Huntington s Disease 305<br />A. Jennifer Morton</p>
<p>21.1 Introduction 305</p>
<p>21.2 Mechanisms underlying sleep and circadian rhythm generation 305</p>
<p>21.3 Circadian disruption in HD 306</p>
<p>21.4 Circadian disruption in animal models of HD 306</p>
<p>21.5 Circadian disruption of peripheral clocks and metabolism in HD 311</p>
<p>21.6 Pharmacological manipulation of circadian disruption in HD mice 311</p>
<p>21.7 Environmental modulation of circadian disruption in HD mice 311</p>
<p>21.8 Clinical changes in sleep in HD 312</p>
<p>21.9 Disturbance in sleep architecture in HD 312</p>
<p>21.10 Pathology underlying changes in sleep and circadian activity in HD 313</p>
<p>21.11 The orexin system in HD 313</p>
<p>21.12 The role of non ]SCN oscillators in HD 314</p>
<p>21.13 Consequences of sleep wake disturbance in HD 314</p>
<p>21.14 Cognitive dysfunction and mood disturbance in HD 315</p>
<p>21.15 Management of circadian disturbance in HD 315</p>
<p>21.16 Conclusions 317</p>
<p>References 318</p>
<p>22 The Aging Clock 321<br />Stephan Michel, Gene D. Block, and Johanna H. Meijer</p>
<p>22.1 Introduction 321</p>
<p>22.2 The effects of aging on rhythmic behaviors 321</p>
<p>22.3 The effects of aging on components of the circadian system 323</p>
<p>22.4 Molecular rhythms in steady state 328</p>
<p>22.5 The effects of aging on the resetting behavior of central and peripheral oscillators 329</p>
<p>22.6 The effects of the circadian system on aging and age ]related disease: Circadian misalignment and<br />longevity 330</p>
<p>22.7 Therapeutic possibilities for agerelated circadian disorders 331</p>
<p>22.8 Conclusions 332</p>
<p>References 332</p>
<p>23 Can we Fix a Broken Clock? 337<br />Analyne M. Schroeder and Christopher S. Colwell</p>
<p>23.1 Introduction 337</p>
<p>23.2 Light therapy 339</p>
<p>23.3 Scheduled meals 340</p>
<p>23.4 Scheduled exercise 341</p>
<p>23.5 Scheduled sleep 343</p>
<p>23.6 Pharmacological targeting of the circadian system 343</p>
<p>23.7 Conclusions 345</p>
<p>References 346</p>
<p>Index 351</p>
<p>Preface xvii</p>
<p>Part I Fundamental Concepts 1</p>
<p>1 Cytosolic and Transcriptional</p>
<p>Cycles Underlying Circadian Oscillations 3<br />Michael H. Hastings and John S. O Neill</p>
<p>1.1 Introduction 3</p>
<p>1.2 Assembling the transcriptional feedback loop 5</p>
<p>1.3 Keeping the transcriptional clockworks in tune 9</p>
<p>1.4 Building posttranslational mechanisms into the circadian pacemaker 13</p>
<p>1.5 Is the transcriptional clock paramount? 15</p>
<p>1.6 Conclusion: cytoscillators, clocks and therapies 18</p>
<p>References 18</p>
<p>2 Molecular Determinants of Human Circadian Clocks 25<br />Steven A. Brown</p>
<p>2.1 Molecular elements of human clocks: a brief review 25</p>
<p>2.2 Peripheral and central clocks 26</p>
<p>2.3 Signaling to peripheral circadian clocks 28</p>
<p>2.4 Human peripheral and central clocks 29</p>
<p>2.5 Human genetics 29</p>
<p>2.6 Technologies for measurement of human circadian clocks 30</p>
<p>2.7 Cellular methods 30</p>
<p>2.8 Omics ]based methods to analyze human clocks 32</p>
<p>2.9 Summary and outlook 33</p>
<p>References 33</p>
<p>3 The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN): Critical Points 37<br />Christopher S. Colwell, Paul Witkovsky, and Rae Silver</p>
<p>3.1 SCN is site of master circadian pacemaker in mammals 37</p>
<p>3.2 SCN receives photic information through a specialized light detection pathway 39</p>
<p>3.3 SCN neurons are endogenous single cell oscillators that generate rhythms in neural activity 40</p>
<p>3.4 The SCN has circuit level organization that is just beginning to be unraveled 42</p>
<p>3.5 Coupling with the SCN circuit is mediated by a set of peptides with VIP on top of the hierarchy 44</p>
<p>3.6 SCN outputs 44</p>
<p>3.7 SCN in aging and disease 50</p>
<p>References 51</p>
<p>4 Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Reciprocal Partners in the Regulation of Physiology and Behavior 57<br />Ralph Mistlberger</p>
<p>4.1 Introduction 57</p>
<p>4.2 What is sleep 59</p>
<p>4.3 Circadian regulation of sleep 60</p>
<p>4.4 Reciprocity: sleep wake feedback to the circadian clock 69</p>
<p>4.5 Conclusions: Circadian clocks and sleep are intertwined processes 73</p>
<p>References 73</p>
<p>5 Circadian Regulation of Arousal and its Role in Fatigue 81<br />David R. Bonsall and Mary E. Harrington</p>
<p>5.1 Defining arousal 81</p>
<p>5.2 Brain structures important for arousal 83</p>
<p>5.3 Neurochemicals signaling the states of arousal 84</p>
<p>5.4 Circadian regulation of the arousal system 86</p>
<p>5.5 Influence of input pathways on circadian regulation of arousal 88</p>
<p>5.6 Sustained states of fatigue: a disorder of the arousal network? 88</p>
<p>5.7 Conclusions 90</p>
<p>References 91</p>
<p>Part II Circadian Regulation of Major Physiological Systems 95</p>
<p>6 Physiology of the Adrenal and Liver Circadian Clocks 97<br />Alexei Leliavski and Henrik Oster</p>
<p>6.1 Introduction 97</p>
<p>6.2 Circadian control of adrenal function 98</p>
<p>6.3 Circadian control of liver function 101</p>
<p>6.4 Conclusion 105</p>
<p>References 105</p>
<p>7 Nutrition and Diet as Potent Regulators of the Liver Clock 107<br />Yu Tahara and Shigenobu Shibata</p>
<p>7.1 Introduction 107</p>
<p>7.2 Food is a zeitgeber : The FEO in the brain 107</p>
<p>7.3 The FEO in peripheral tissues 109</p>
<p>7.4 What should we eat? What types of food can stimulate the peripheral clock? 110</p>
<p>7.5 When should we eat? Application to human life science 112</p>
<p>7.6 Circadian rhythm and obesity and diabetes 113</p>
<p>References 116</p>
<p>8 The Cardiovascular Clock 119<br />R. Daniel Rudic</p>
<p>8.1 Introduction 119</p>
<p>8.2 The vascular clock 119</p>
<p>8.3 Circadian clock regulation of the endothelial cell layer of blood vessels 120</p>
<p>8.4 The circadian clock in vascular disease 121</p>
<p>8.5 The circadian clock and vascular cell signaling 122</p>
<p>8.6 The circadian rhythm in blood pressure, nighttime hypertension, and cardiovascular disease in humans 123</p>
<p>8.7 Diabetes, obesity, and blood pressure 125</p>
<p>8.8 AT influences the circadian rhythm in experimental hypertension 126</p>
<p>8.9 The circadian clock and fluid balance 127</p>
<p>8.10 The circadian clock and peripheral vascular resistance 127</p>
<p>8.11 Conclusion 130</p>
<p>References 130</p>
<p>9 Hypertension Caused by Disruption of the Circadian System: Blood Pressure Regulation at Multiple Levels 135<br />Hitoshi Okamura, Miho Yasuda, Jean ]Michel Fustin, and Masao Doi</p>
<p>9.1 Introduction 135</p>
<p>9.2 Effects of deleting Cry genes 135</p>
<p>9.3 Reduced a–adrenoceptor responsiveness in peripheral vessels and primary aldosteronism of Cry–null mice 138</p>
<p>9.4 Rapid blood pressure control system: enhanced baroreflex in Cry–null mice 139</p>
<p>9.5 Conclusion 141</p>
<p>References 141</p>
<p>10 Chronobiology of Micturition 143<br />Akihiro Kanematsu and Hiromitsu Negoro</p>
<p>10.1 Introduction 143</p>
<p>10.2 Human studies 144</p>
<p>10.3 Animal models 146</p>
<p>10.4 The circadian clock and micturition 147</p>
<p>10.5 The clock in the bladder 148</p>
<p>10.6 Future directions 150</p>
<p>References 151</p>
<p>11 Disruption of Circadian Rhythms and Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Contributions to Insulin Resistance and Beta ]cell Failure 155<br />Aleksey V. Matveyenko</p>
<p>11.1 Introduction 155</p>
<p>11.2 Mechanisms underlying pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus: interaction between insulin resistance and beta–cell failure 156</p>
<p>11.3 Mechanisms underlying the association between circadian disruption and T2DM; potential role of obesity and insulin resistance 160</p>
<p>11.4 Mechanisms underlying the association between circadian disruption and T2DM; potential role of impaired beta–cell secretory function and mass 162</p>
<p>11.5 Conclusion 165</p>
<p>References 166</p>
<p>12 Circadian Clock Control of the Cell Cycle and Links to Cancer 169<br />T. Katherine Tamai and David Whitmore</p>
<p>12.1 Introduction 169</p>
<p>12.2 Epidemiology 169</p>
<p>12.3 Does circadian clock disruption have any relevance in a clinical setting? 170</p>
<p>12.4 Circadian clock control of the cell cycle in healthy tissues 171</p>
<p>12.5 How might the cellular circadian clock regulate cell cycle timing? 173</p>
<p>12.6 Clock disruption and cancer 177</p>
<p>12.7 Does alteration in clock gene expression in human tumors correlate with the survival of patients? 178</p>
<p>12.8 Circadian ]based chemotherapy (Chronotherapy): timing cancer treatment to improve survival 178</p>
<p>12.9 Conclusion 180</p>
<p>References 180</p>
<p>13 How Shift Work and a Destabilized Circadian System may Increase Risk for Development of Cancer and Type 2 Diabetes 183<br />An Pan, Elizabeth Devore, and Eva S. Schernhammer</p>
<p>13.1 Introduction 183</p>
<p>13.2 Shift work and cancer 184</p>
<p>13.3 Shift work and obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes 194</p>
<p>13.4 Conclusions and perspective of future studies 205</p>
<p>References 205</p>
<p>14 Circadian Rhythms in Immune Function 211<br />Kandis Adams, Oscar Castanon–Cervantes, and Alec J. Davidson</p>
<p>14.1 Introduction 211</p>
<p>14.2 Daily variations in health and disease 212</p>
<p>14.3 Early evidence of circadian regulation on immunity 212</p>
<p>14.4 Clinical relevance of circadian regulation of the immune system 213</p>
<p>14.5 The circadian system communicates time of day information to immune cells and tissues 214</p>
<p>14.6 Immune effector cells under circadian regulation 214</p>
<p>14.7 Circadian disruption role in immune pathology and disease 216</p>
<p>14.8 The effects of clock gene alterations on immune functions 217</p>
<p>14.9 Conclusions 217</p>
<p>References 218</p>
<p>Part III Clocks in the Central Nervous System 221</p>
<p>15 Circadian Clock, Reward and Addictive Behavior 223<br />Urs Albrecht</p>
<p>15.1 Introduction 223</p>
<p>15.2 Evidence for a time of day basis of addictive behavior 223</p>
<p>15.3 Drugs, circadian clock genes and addictive behavior 224</p>
<p>15.4 Links between feeding, addictive behavior and the clock 228</p>
<p>15.5 Treatment of addiction changing the circadian clock 229</p>
<p>References 231</p>
<p>16 How a Disrupted Clock may Cause a Decline in Learning and Memory 235<br />Christopher S. Colwell</p>
<p>16.1 Introduction 235</p>
<p>16.2 Molecular clockwork expressed in brain regions central to learning and memory including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex 236</p>
<p>16.3 The circadian clockwork regulates intracellular signaling pathways known to be important to learning and memory 237</p>
<p>16.4 The circadian system impacts electrical activity and synaptic plasticity 238</p>
<p>16.5 The circadian system regulates neuroendocrine secretions that are well known to alter learning and memory processes 240</p>
<p>16.6 Disruptions of the circadian timing system alter learned behavior 241</p>
<p>16.7 Conclusions 245</p>
<p>References 245</p>
<p>17 Circadian Rhythms in Mood Disorders 249<br />Colleen A. McClung</p>
<p>17.1 Introduction 249</p>
<p>17.2 Categories of rhythm disruptions 251</p>
<p>17.3 Seasonal affective disorder 252</p>
<p>17.4 Treatments for mood disorders alter rhythms 253</p>
<p>17.5 Human genetic studies 257</p>
<p>17.6 Animal studies 257</p>
<p>17.7 SCN output ]rhythmic hormones and peptides 260</p>
<p>17.8 Regulation of mood ]related brain circuits by the SCN and circadian genes 262</p>
<p>17.9 Neuroinflammation 263</p>
<p>17.10 Cell cycle regulation/neurogenesis 264</p>
<p>17.11 Conclusions 265</p>
<p>References 265</p>
<p>18 Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disruption in Psychosis 271<br />Stuart N. Peirson and Russell G. Foster</p>
<p>18.1 Introduction 271</p>
<p>18.2 Psychosis 273</p>
<p>18.3 Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychosis 275</p>
<p>18.4 Possible mechanisms underlying SCRD in psychosis 277</p>
<p>18.5 Conclusions 280</p>
<p>References 281</p>
<p>19 Alzheimer s Disease and the Mistiming of Behavior 283<br />Roxanne Sterniczuk and Michael Antle</p>
<p>19.1 Introduction 283</p>
<p>19.2 Behavioral changes 283</p>
<p>19.3 Physiological changes 285</p>
<p>19.4 Neurological changes 286</p>
<p>19.5 Modeling AD 289</p>
<p>19.6 Chronobiological treatment of AD symptomology 290</p>
<p>19.7 Conclusion 292</p>
<p>References 293</p>
<p>20 Circadian Dysfunction in Parkinson s Disease 295<br />Christopher S. Colwell</p>
<p>20.1 Introduction 295</p>
<p>20.2 Dysfunction in the circadian system may contribute to the nonmotor symptoms of PD 296</p>
<p>20.3 Dopaminergic treatments for the motor symptoms of PD may contribute to circadian disruption 297</p>
<p>20.4 PD models show sleep and possible circadian disruption 298</p>
<p>20.5 Possible underlying mechanisms 300</p>
<p>20.6 Conclusion 301</p>
<p>References 302</p>
<p>21 Circadian Dysfunction in Huntington s Disease 305<br />A. Jennifer Morton</p>
<p>21.1 Introduction 305</p>
<p>21.2 Mechanisms underlying sleep and circadian rhythm generation 305</p>
<p>21.3 Circadian disruption in HD 306</p>
<p>21.4 Circadian disruption in animal models of HD 306</p>
<p>21.5 Circadian disruption of peripheral clocks and metabolism in HD 311</p>
<p>21.6 Pharmacological manipulation of circadian disruption in HD mice 311</p>
<p>21.7 Environmental modulation of circadian disruption in HD mice 311</p>
<p>21.8 Clinical changes in sleep in HD 312</p>
<p>21.9 Disturbance in sleep architecture in HD 312</p>
<p>21.10 Pathology underlying changes in sleep and circadian activity in HD 313</p>
<p>21.11 The orexin system in HD 313</p>
<p>21.12 The role of non ]SCN oscillators in HD 314</p>
<p>21.13 Consequences of sleep wake disturbance in HD 314</p>
<p>21.14 Cognitive dysfunction and mood disturbance in HD 315</p>
<p>21.15 Management of circadian disturbance in HD 315</p>
<p>21.16 Conclusions 317</p>
<p>References 318</p>
<p>22 The Aging Clock 321<br />Stephan Michel, Gene D. Block, and Johanna H. Meijer</p>
<p>22.1 Introduction 321</p>
<p>22.2 The effects of aging on rhythmic behaviors 321</p>
<p>22.3 The effects of aging on components of the circadian system 323</p>
<p>22.4 Molecular rhythms in steady state 328</p>
<p>22.5 The effects of aging on the resetting behavior of central and peripheral oscillators 329</p>
<p>22.6 The effects of the circadian system on aging and age ]related disease: Circadian misalignment and<br />longevity 330</p>
<p>22.7 Therapeutic possibilities for agerelated circadian disorders 331</p>
<p>22.8 Conclusions 332</p>
<p>References 332</p>
<p>23 Can we Fix a Broken Clock? 337<br />Analyne M. Schroeder and Christopher S. Colwell</p>
<p>23.1 Introduction 337</p>
<p>23.2 Light therapy 339</p>
<p>23.3 Scheduled meals 340</p>
<p>23.4 Scheduled exercise 341</p>
<p>23.5 Scheduled sleep 343</p>
<p>23.6 Pharmacological targeting of the circadian system 343</p>
<p>23.7 Conclusions 345</p>
<p>References 346</p>
<p>Index 351</p>