Nanomedicine for Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Preface xv
<p>Part 1: Nanomedicine&nbsp;1</p>
<p>1 High–technology Therapy Using Biomolecules or Synthetic Compounds for HIV Inhibition&nbsp;3<br /> Elvis Fosso–Kankeu, Pascaline Fontehand Ajay K.Mishra</p>
<p>1.1&nbsp;Gene Therapy Including RNAHigh–Technology Against HIV&nbsp;4</p>
<p>1.2&nbsp;Metals and HIV Therapy&nbsp;16</p>
<p>1.3&nbsp;Conclusions&nbsp;26</p>
<p>References&nbsp;27</p>
<p>2 Emerging Nanomedicine Approaches for Osteochondral Tissue Regeneration&nbsp;39<br /> Author Lineis Missing</p>
<p>2.1&nbsp;Introduction&nbsp;39</p>
<p>2.2&nbsp;Emerging NanomedicineApproaches&nbsp;42</p>
<p>References&nbsp;54</p>
<p>3 Synthesis of Poly(Methacrylate) Encapsulated Magnetite Nanoparticles via Phosphonic Acid Anchoring Chemistry and Its Applications Toward Biomedicine&nbsp;63<br /> B. Kothandapaniand Ajay K. Mishra</p>
<p>3.1&nbsp;Introduction&nbsp;64</p>
<p>3.2&nbsp;Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles&nbsp;73</p>
<p>3.3&nbsp;Application in Biomedical Fields&nbsp;82</p>
<p>3.4&nbsp;Conclusions&nbsp;84</p>
<p>References&nbsp;85</p>
<p>4 Potentiometric PVC Membrane Sensors and Their Analytical Applications in Pharmaceuticals and Environmental Samples at Micro– and Nano–level&nbsp;87<br /> Gamal Abel–Hafiz Mostafa</p>
<p>4.1&nbsp;Introduction&nbsp;87</p>
<p>4.2&nbsp;Ion Selective Electrode&nbsp;88</p>
<p>4.3&nbsp;Glass Membrane Electrode&nbsp;89</p>
<p>4.4&nbsp;Characteristics of ISE&nbsp;90</p>
<p>4.5&nbsp;Preparation of PVC Membrane&nbsp;94</p>
<p>4.6&nbsp;Method of Preparation of the Liquid Membrane ISEs&nbsp;96</p>
<p>4.7&nbsp;Application of Ion Selective Electrodes in Pharmaceutical and Environmental Analysis Using&nbsp;97</p>
<p>4.8&nbsp;Conclusion&nbsp;123</p>
<p>References&nbsp;127</p>
<p>5 Bioceramics: Silica–based Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials for Medical Applications&nbsp;135<br /> Sadanand Pandey and Shivani B. Mishra</p>
<p>5.1&nbsp;Introduction&nbsp;136</p>
<p>5.2&nbsp;Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials&nbsp;141</p>
<p>5.3&nbsp;Tissue Engineering&nbsp;146</p>
<p>5.4&nbsp;Other Organic–Inorganic Bioceramics for Medical Applications&nbsp;150</p>
<p>5.5&nbsp;Conclusion&nbsp;156</p>
<p>5.6&nbsp;Considerations and Future Directions&nbsp;157</p>
<p>Acknowledgement&nbsp;157</p>
<p>References&nbsp;158</p>
<p>6 Recent Advances of Multifunctional Nanomedicines&nbsp;163<br /> Pradeep Pratap Singh and Ambika</p>
<p>6.1&nbsp;Introduction&nbsp;163</p>
<p>6.2&nbsp;Nanomaterials of Biomedical Interest&nbsp;164</p>
<p>6.3&nbsp;Target–specificPharmacotherapy: Need for Nanocarrier Delivery Systems&nbsp;165</p>
<p>6.4&nbsp;Engineering of Pharmaceutical Nanosystems&nbsp;166</p>
<p>6.5&nbsp;Applications of Pharmaceutical Nanotools&nbsp;180</p>
<p>6.6&nbsp;Nanotoxicity&nbsp;181</p>
<p>6.7&nbsp;Future prospects&nbsp;182</p>
<p>6.8&nbsp;Conclusion&nbsp;183</p>
<p>References&nbsp;184</p>
<p>7 Nanomedicinal Approaches for Diabetes Management&nbsp;189<br /> Prashant Kumar Raiand Ajay Kumar Mishra</p>
<p>7.1&nbsp;Introduction: The Motivation behind the Chapter&nbsp;189</p>
<p>7.2&nbsp;Type of Diabetes&nbsp;191</p>
<p>7.3&nbsp;Treatments for Diabetes&nbsp;192</p>
<p>7.4&nbsp;Why the Interest in Nanomedicine Research?&nbsp;193</p>
<p>7.5&nbsp;The Vision of Nanotechnology and its Clinical Applications for Diabetes&nbsp;194</p>
<p>7.6&nbsp;Summary&nbsp;195</p>
<p>Acknowledgements&nbsp;195</p>
<p>References&nbsp;195</p>
<p>8 Polymeric Nanofibersin Regenerative Medicine&nbsp;197<br /> Narayan Chandra Mishra and Sharmistha Mitra (Majumder)</p>
<p>8.1&nbsp;Introduction&nbsp;197</p>
<p>8.2&nbsp;Preparation of Nanofibers&nbsp;199</p>
<p>8.3&nbsp;RecentAdvances onApplication of Polymeric Nanofibersin Regenerative Medicine&nbsp;201</p>
<p>8.4&nbsp;Conclusions&nbsp;222</p>
<p>References&nbsp;222</p>
<p>Part 2: Drug Delivery and Therapeutics&nbsp;227</p>
<p>9 Multifunctional Nano/Micro Polymer Capsules as Potential&nbsp;229<br /> Haider Sami, J. Jaishree, Ashok Kumar and Sri Sivakumar</p>
<p>9.1&nbsp;Introduction&nbsp;230</p>
<p>9.2&nbsp;Synthesis of Polymer Capsules&nbsp;232</p>
<p>9.3&nbsp;Properties of Multilayered Polymer Capsules&nbsp;237</p>
<p>9.4&nbsp;Loading of Therapeutics&nbsp;239</p>
<p>9.5&nbsp;Stimuli–responsive Polymer Capsules&nbsp;242</p>
<p>9.6&nbsp;Multifunctional Hybrid Capsules&nbsp;255</p>
<p>9.7&nbsp;Targeted Polymer Capsules&nbsp;267</p>
<p>9.8&nbsp;BiomedicalApplications&nbsp;268</p>
<p>9.9&nbsp;Outlook and Future Prospects&nbsp;274</p>
<p>References&nbsp;274</p>
<p>10 Nanophosphors–Nanogold Immunoconjugates in Isolation of Biomembranes and in Drug Delivery&nbsp;285<br /> Dwijendra Gupta, Dhruv Kumar, Manish Dwivedi, Vijay Tripathi, Pratibha Phadke–Gupta and Surya Pratap Singh</p>
<p>10.1&nbsp;Introduction&nbsp;286</p>
<p>10.2&nbsp;Nanoparticle Technology&nbsp;287</p>
<p>10.3&nbsp;The Versatility of Nanoparticles in Biological Sciences&nbsp;288</p>
<p>10.4&nbsp;Materials and Methods&nbsp;293</p>
<p>10.5&nbsp;Nanotags for Bio–labeling and Targeting: Nanophosphors or Quantum Dots&nbsp;297</p>
<p>10.6&nbsp;AFM Study of CdS and BSATagged ZnS–Mn Nanoparticles&nbsp;302</p>
<p>10.7&nbsp;Nano–Conjugates in Drug Delivery&nbsp;304</p>
<p>10.8&nbsp;Nanoparticle–mediated Drug Delivery and Nanotherapeutics&nbsp;305</p>
<p>10.9&nbsp;The Limitations of QDs&nbsp;306</p>
<p>10.10&nbsp;Summary&nbsp;307</p>
<p>Acknowledgements&nbsp;308</p>
<p>References&nbsp;309</p>
<p>11 Cyclodextrin–based Nanoengineered Drug Delivery System&nbsp;313<br /> Jaya Lakkakula and Rui Werner Ma&ccedil;edo Krause</p>
<p>11.1&nbsp;Introduction&nbsp;314</p>
<p>11.2&nbsp;Inclusion Complex Formation&nbsp;316</p>
<p>11.3&nbsp;Phase Solubility Relationships&nbsp;318</p>
<p>11.4&nbsp;Effect of Cyclodextrin on Drug Formulation&nbsp;321</p>
<p>11.5&nbsp;Cyclodextrin–based Drug Delivery&nbsp;324</p>
<p>11.6&nbsp;Cyclodextrins in Novel Drug Delivery Systems (DDS)&nbsp;331</p>
<p>11.7&nbsp;Conclusion&nbsp;335</p>
<p>Acknowledgements&nbsp;335</p>
<p>References&nbsp;338</p>
<p>12 Medicinal Patches and Drug Nanoencapsulation&nbsp;343<br /> Mar&iacute;a H. Lissarrague, Hernan Garate, Melisa E. Lamanna, Norma B. D Accorso and Silvia N.Goyanes</p>
<p>12.1&nbsp;Introduction&nbsp;343</p>
<p>12.2&nbsp;Overview of Passive Skin Permeation (Passive Patches)&nbsp;344</p>
<p>12.3&nbsp;Recent Development on Skin Permeation&nbsp;357</p>
<p>12.4&nbsp;Drug Encapsulation&nbsp;361</p>
<p>12.5&nbsp;Triggered Release&nbsp;369</p>
<p>12.6&nbsp;Conclusions&nbsp;374</p>
<p>References&nbsp;374</p>
<p>13 Dendrimers: AClass of Polymer in the Nanotechnology for the Drug Delivery&nbsp;379<br /> Sunil K.Singh and Vivek K. Sharma</p>
<p>13.1&nbsp;Introduction&nbsp;379</p>
<p>13.2&nbsp;Historical Origin of Dendrimers&nbsp;380</p>
<p>13.3&nbsp;Structure of Dendrimers&nbsp;381</p>
<p>13.4&nbsp;Terms Used in Dendrimer Chemistry&nbsp;383</p>
<p>13.5&nbsp;Types of Dendrimers&nbsp;385</p>
<p>13.6&nbsp;Application of Dendrimers&nbsp;392</p>
<p>13.7&nbsp;Dendrimers in Oral Drug Delivery&nbsp;394</p>
<p>13.8&nbsp;Dendrimers in Transdermal Drug Delivery&nbsp;396</p>
<p>13.9&nbsp;Dendrimers in Ocular Drug Delivery&nbsp;398</p>
<p>13.10&nbsp;Dendrimers inAnticancer Drug Delivery&nbsp;399</p>
<p>13.11&nbsp;Dendrimers in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment&nbsp;401</p>
<p>13.12&nbsp;Conclusion&nbsp;411</p>
<p>References&nbsp;411</p>
<p>14 Designing Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery&nbsp;417<br /> Munishwar N. Gupta and&nbsp;Joyeeta Mukherjee</p>
<p>14.1&nbsp;Introduction&nbsp;417</p>
<p>14.2&nbsp;Sizes, Shapes andAdvantages of Nanomaterials&nbsp;418</p>
<p>14.3&nbsp;Bioconjugation Strategies&nbsp;421</p>
<p>14.4&nbsp;Carbon Nanotubes&nbsp;429</p>
<p>14.5&nbsp;Drug Targeting&nbsp;434</p>
<p>14.6&nbsp;Future Perspectives&nbsp;436</p>
<p>Acknowledgements&nbsp;437</p>
<p>References&nbsp;437</p>
<p>15 Multifunctional Polymeric Micelles for Drug Delivery and Therapeutics&nbsp;443<br /> Alicia Sawdon and Ching–An Peng</p>
<p>15.1&nbsp;Introduction&nbsp;443</p>
<p>15.2&nbsp;Composition, Formation and Characterization of Polymeric Micelles&nbsp;444</p>
<p>15.3&nbsp;Polymeric Micelles for Cancer Chemotherapy&nbsp;450</p>
<p>15.4&nbsp;Targeting Schemes&nbsp;457</p>
<p>15.5&nbsp;Polymeric Micelles for Diagnostics and Imaging&nbsp;465</p>
<p>15.6&nbsp;Conclusions&nbsp;467</p>
<p>References&nbsp;467</p>
<p>16 Nanoparticles–based Carriers for Gene Therapy and Drug Delivery&nbsp;477<br /> Marketa Ryvolova, Jana Drbohlavova, Kristyna Smerkova, Jana Chomoucka, Pavlina Sobrova,Vojtech Adam, PavelKopel, Jaromir Hubalek and Rene Kizek<br /> <br /> 16.1&nbsp;Introduction&nbsp;478</p>
<p>16.2&nbsp;Targeted Delivery&nbsp;478</p>
<p>16.3&nbsp;Conclusion&nbsp;494</p>
<p>References&nbsp;494</p>