Polymer Nanocomposites based on Inorganic and Organic Nanomaterials

<p>Part I: Nanomaterials <br /><br />1 Cellulose Nanofibers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 3 <br />Mahuya Das and Rupa Bhattacharyya</p>
<p>1.1 Introduction 3</p>
<p>1.2 Synthesis of Cellulose Nanofibers 4</p>
<p>1.3 Properties of Cellulose Nanofibers 14</p>
<p>1.4 Applications of Nanocellulose Fibers 28</p>
<p>1.5 Conclusion 32</p>
<p>References 33 <br /><br />2 Bacterial Nanocellulose: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 39 <br />M.L. Foresti, P. Cerrutti and A. Vazquez</p>
<p>2.1 Introduction 39</p>
<p>2.2 Bacterial Nanocellulose Synthesis 41</p>
<p>2.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose Properties 49</p>
<p>2.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose Applications 52</p>
<p>2.5 Conclusions 57</p>
<p>References 58 <br /><br />3 Carbon Nanofibers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 63 <br />Tanmoy Rath</p>
<p>3.1 Introduction 63</p>
<p>3.2 Carbon Nanofiber Structure and Defects 65</p>
<p>3.3 Synthesis 67</p>
<p>3.4 Growth Mechanism of CNFs 77<br /><br />3.5 Properties 78</p>
<p>3.6 Applications 82</p>
<p>3.7 Conclusion 84</p>
<p>References 85 <br /><br />4 Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 89 <br />Raghunandan Sharma Poonam Benjwal and Kamal K. Kar</p>
<p>4.1 Introduction 89</p>
<p>4.2 Carbon Nanostructures 91</p>
<p>4.3 Structure: Chirality 97</p>
<p>4.4 Synthesis 99</p>
<p>4.5 Characterizations 103</p>
<p>4.6 Properties 108</p>
<p>4.7 Applications 112</p>
<p>4.8 Conclusions 131</p>
<p>Acknowledgement 132</p>
<p>References 132<br /><br />5 Graphene: Synthesis, Properties and Application 139 <br />Subash Chandra Sahu, Aneeya K. Samantara, Jagdeep Mohanta, Bikash Kumar Jena and Satyabrata Si</p>
<p>5.1 Introduction 140</p>
<p>5.2 History of Graphene 142</p>
<p>5.3 Natural Occurrence 143</p>
<p>5.4 Carbon Allotropes 144</p>
<p>5.5 Molecular Structure and Chemistry of Graphene 147</p>
<p>5.6 Properties of Graphene 147</p>
<p>5.7 Synthesis of Graphene 153</p>
<p>5.8 Biomedical Application of Graphene 155</p>
<p>5.9 Graphene in Energy 166</p>
<p>5.10 Graphene in Electronics 174</p>
<p>5.11 Graphene in Catalysis 177</p>
<p>5.12 Graphene Composites 177</p>
<p>5.13 Conclusion and Perspective 179</p>
<p>Acknowledgement 180</p>
<p>References 181 <br /><br />6 Nanoclays: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 195 <br />Biswabandita Kar and Dibyaranjan Rout</p>
<p>6.1 Introduction 195</p>
<p>6.2 Structure and Properties of Nanoclays 196Contents ix</p>
<p>6.3 Synthesis of Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites 203</p>
<p>6.4 Applications of Nanoclays 206</p>
<p>6.5 Conclusion 211</p>
<p>References 212 <br /><br />7 Applications for Nanocellulose in Polyolefins–Based Composites 215 <br />Alcides Lopes Leao, Bibin Mathew Cherian, Suresh Narine, Mohini Sain, Sivoney Souza and Sabu Thomas</p>
<p>7.1 Introduction 215</p>
<p>7.2 Flexural Strength 224</p>
<p>References 227 <br /><br />8 Recent Progress in Nanocomposites Based on Carbon Nanomaterials and Electronically Conducting Polymers 229 <br />Jayesh Cherusseri and Kamal K. Kar</p>
<p>8.1 Introduction 230</p>
<p>8.2 Electronically Conducting Polymers 230</p>
<p>8.3 Carbon Nanomaterials 233</p>
<p>8.4 Why Nanocomposites? 235</p>
<p>8.5 Electronically Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanocomposites 236</p>
<p>8.6 Electronically Conducting Polymer/Carbon Nanofiber Nanocomposites 240</p>
<p>8.7 Electronically Conducting Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 243</p>
<p>8.8 Electronically Conducting Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites 246</p>
<p>8.9 Applications 249</p>
<p>8.10 Conclusions 252</p>
<p>Acknowledgement 253</p>
<p>References 253 <br /><br />Part II: Nanocomposites Based on Inorganic Nanoparticles <br /><br />9 Nanocomposites Based on Inorganic Nanoparticles 259 <br />M. Balasubramanian, and P. Jawahar</p>
<p>9.1 Introduction 260</p>
<p>9.2 Processing of Clay–Polymer Nanocomposites (CPN) 273</p>
<p>9.3 Particulate–Polymer Nanocomposites Processing 283</p>
<p>9.4 Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites 292</p>
<p>9.5 Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 301</p>
<p>9.6 Application of Nanocomposites 336</p>
<p>References 342xii Contents <br /><br />10 Polymer Nanocomposites Reinforced with Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials: Nanodiamonds, Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene 347 <br />F. Navarro–Pardo, A.L. Mart&iacute;nez–Hern&aacute;ndez and C. Velasco–Santos</p>
<p>10.1 Introduction 348</p>
<p>10.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials 349</p>
<p>10.3 Functionalization 351</p>
<p>10.4 Methods of Nanocomposite Preparation 358</p>
<p>10.5 Properties 360</p>
<p>10.6 Concluding Remarks 386</p>
<p>References 386 <br /><br />Part III: Green Nanocomposites <br /><br />11 Green Nanocomposites from Renewable Resource–Based Biodegradable Polymers and Environmentally Friendly Blends 403 <br />P. J. Jandas, S. Mohanty and S. K. Nayak</p>
<p>11.1 Introduction 404</p>
<p>11.2 Organically Modified Layered Silicates Reinforced Biodegradable Nanocomposites: New Era&nbsp;of Polymer Composites 407</p>
<p>11.3 Environmentally Friendly Polymer Blends from Renewable Resources 425</p>
<p>11.4 Applications and Prototype Development 436</p>
<p>11.5 Future Perspectives 436</p>
<p>11.6 Conclusion 437</p>
<p>References 438 <br /><br />Part IV: Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites <br /><br />12 Nanocomposites for Device Applications 445 <br />Sreevalsa VG</p>
<p>12.1 Introduction 446</p>
<p>12.2 Nonvolatile Memory Devices 447</p>
<p>12.3 Fabrication of Nonvolatile Memory Devices Utilizing Graphene Materials Embedded in a Polymer Matrix 451</p>
<p>12.4 Electric–Field–Induced Resistive Switching 452</p>
<p>12.5 Nanocomposite Solar Cells 455</p>
<p>12.6 Thin–Film Capacitors for Computer Chips 457</p>
<p>12.7 Solid Polymer Electrolyes for Batteries 457</p>
<p>12.8 Automotive Engine Parts and Fuel Tanks 458</p>
<p>12.9 Oxygen and Gas Barriers 459</p>
<p>12.10 Printing Technologies 459</p>
<p>12.11 Capacitors 461</p>
<p>12.12 Inductors 461</p>
<p>12.13 Optical Waveguides 462</p>
<p>12.14 Low–K and Low–Loss Composites 463</p>
<p>12.15 ZnO–Based Nanocomposites 463xiv Contents</p>
<p>12.16 Functional Polymer Nanocomposites 464</p>
<p>12.17 Plasmonics 464</p>
<p>12.18 Polymer Nanocomposites 465</p>
<p>12.19 Magnetically Active Nanocomposites 475</p>
<p>12.20 Nanocomposites of Nature 479</p>
<p>References 479 <br /><br />13 Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Storage Applications 483 <br />Sutapa Ghosh and Naresh Chilaka</p>
<p>13.1 Introduction 483</p>
<p>13.2 Energy Storage Mechanism in Supercapacitor and Batteries 485</p>
<p>13.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers 488</p>
<p>13.4 Characterization of Nanocomposites: Structure, Electrical, Chemical Composition and Surface Area 491</p>
<p>13.5 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Storage Application 494</p>
<p>13.6 Future of Graphene and Conducting Polymer Nancomposites 499</p>
<p>13.7 Conclusions and Future Research Initiatives 500</p>
<p>References 501 <br /><br />14 Polymer Nanocomposites for Structural Applications 505 <br />M. Mollo and C. Bernal</p>
<p>14.1 Introduction 506</p>
<p>14.2 Nanocomposite Fibers 510</p>
<p>14.3 Nano–Enhanced Conventional Composites 512</p>
<p>14.4 Nano–Enhanced All–Polymer Composites 513</p>
<p>14.5 Single Polymer Nanocomposites 514</p>
<p>14.6 Summary, Conclusions and Future Trends 515Contents xv</p>
<p>References 517 <br /><br />15 Nanocomposites in Food Packaging 519 <br />Mahuya Das</p>
<p>15.1 Introduction 519</p>
<p>15.2 Nanoreinforcements in Food Packaging Materials 523</p>
<p>15.3 Polymer Matrix for Nanocomposite 538</p>
<p>15.4 Recent Trends in Packaging Developed by Application of Nanocomposites 541</p>
<p>15.5 Application of Nanocomposites as Nanosensor for Smart/Intelligent Packaging 551</p>
<p>15.6 Conclusion 556</p>
<p>References 557</p>
<p>Index 573</p>