Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering , Volume II

<p>VOLUME 2</p>
<p>PREFACE xxiii</p>
<p>CONTRIBUTORS xxvii</p>
<p>PART IV MATERIALS PROPERTIES AND TESTING 945</p>
<p>31 Viscosity Measurement 947<br /> Ann M. Anderson, Bradford A. Bruno, and Lilla Safford Smith</p>
<p>31.1 Viscosity Background, 947</p>
<p>31.2 Common Units of Viscosity, 949</p>
<p>31.3 Major Viscosity Measurement Methods, 959</p>
<p>31.4 ASTM Standards for Measuring Viscosity, 974</p>
<p>31.5 Questions to Ask When Selecting a Viscosity Measurement Technique, 976</p>
<p>References, 979</p>
<p>32 Tribology Measurements 981<br /> Prasanta Sahoo</p>
<p>32.1 Introduction, 982</p>
<p>32.2 Measurement of Surface Roughness, 983</p>
<p>32.3 Measurement of Friction, 988</p>
<p>32.4 Measurement of Wear, 992</p>
<p>32.5 Measurement of Test Environment, 994</p>
<p>32.6 Measurement of Material Characteristics, 998</p>
<p>32.7 Measurement of Lubricant Characteristics, 1001</p>
<p>32.8 Wear Particle Analysis, 1004</p>
<p>32.9 Industrial Measurements, 1005</p>
<p>32.10 Summary, 1006</p>
<p>33 Corrosion Monitoring 1007<br /> Pierre R. Roberge</p>
<p>33.1 What is Corrosion Monitoring?, 1007</p>
<p>33.2 The Role of Corrosion Monitoring, 1008</p>
<p>33.3 Corrosion Monitoring System Considerations, 1010</p>
<p>References, 1116</p>
<p>34 Surface Properties Measurement 1121<br /> Mrinalini Mulukutla and Sandip P. Harimkar</p>
<p>34.1 Introduction, 1121</p>
<p>34.2 Surface Properties, 1122</p>
<p>34.3 Microstructural Analysis, 1125</p>
<p>34.4 Compositional Analysis, 1128</p>
<p>34.5 Phase Analysis, 1130</p>
<p>34.6 Mechanical Testing, 1131</p>
<p>34.7 Corrosion Properties, 1141</p>
<p>34.8 Standards for Surface Engineering Measurement, 1145</p>
<p>References, 1147</p>
<p>35 Thermal Conductivity of Engineering Materials 1151<br /> Juergen Blumm</p>
<p>35.1 Introduction, 1151</p>
<p>35.2 Stationary Methods for Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity, 1157</p>
<p>35.3 Transient Methods for the Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity, 1163</p>
<p>35.4 Test Results on Various Engineering Materials, 1173</p>
<p>References, 1188</p>
<p>36 Optical Methods for the Measurement of Thermal Conductivity 1189<br /> Prabhakar R. Bandaru and Max S. Aubain</p>
<p>36.1 Thermal Boundary Resistance May Limit Accuracy in Contact–Based Thermal Conductivity (k) Measurements, 1189</p>
<p>36.2 Optical Measurements of k May Avoid Contact–Related Issues, 1192</p>
<p>36.3 Thermoreflectance (TR), 1196</p>
<p>36.4 Characteristics of Thermoreflectance from Si Thin Films Modeling and Calibration, 1199</p>
<p>36.5 Experimental Procedures, 1202</p>
<p>36.6 Results and Discussion, 1204</p>
<p>36.7 Summary and Outlook, 1208</p>
<p>Acknowledgments, 1209</p>
<p>References, 1209</p>
<p>37 Selection of Metals for Structural Design 1213<br /> Matthew J. Donachie</p>
<p>37.1 Introduction, 1214</p>
<p>37.2 Common Alloy Systems, 1215</p>
<p>37.3 What are Alloys and What Affects their Use?, 1215</p>
<p>37.4 What are the Properties of Alloys and How are Alloys Strengthened?, 1218</p>
<p>37.5 Manufacture of Alloy Articles, 1221</p>
<p>37.6 Alloy Information, 1221</p>
<p>37.7 Metals at Lower Temperatures, 1231</p>
<p>37.8 Metals at High Temperatures, 1233</p>
<p>37.9 Melting and Casting Practices, 1236</p>
<p>37.10 Forging, Forming, Powder Metallurgy, and Joining of Alloys, 1242</p>
<p>37.11 Surface Protection of Materials, 1245</p>
<p>37.12 Postservice Refurbishment and Repair, 1248</p>
<p>37.13 Alloy Selection: A Look at Possibilities, 1249</p>
<p>37.14 Level of Property Data, 1252</p>
<p>37.15 Thoughts on Alloy Systems, 1252</p>
<p>37.16 Selected Alloy Information Sources, 1259</p>
<p>Further Readings, 1261</p>
<p>38 Mechanical Properties of Polymers 1263<br /> Daniel Liu, Jackie Rehkopf, and Maureen Reitman</p>
<p>38.1 Microstructure and Morphology of Polymers Amorphous Versus Crystalline, 1264</p>
<p>38.2 General Stress Strain Behavior, 1265</p>
<p>38.3 Viscoelasticity, 1271</p>
<p>38.4 Mechanical Models of Viscoelasticity, 1272</p>
<p>38.5 Time Temperature Dependence, 1274</p>
<p>38.6 Deformation Mechanisms, 1274</p>
<p>38.7 Crazing, 1277</p>
<p>38.8 Fracture, 1279</p>
<p>38.9 Modifying Mechanical Properties, 1284</p>
<p>38.10 Load–Bearing Applications: Creep, Fatigue Resistance, and High Strain Rate Behavior, 1285</p>
<p>References, 1290</p>
<p>39 Electrical Properties of Polymers 1291<br /> Evaristo Riande and Ricardo Diaz–Calleja</p>
<p>39.1 Introductory Remarks, 1291</p>
<p>39.2 Polarity and Permittivity, 1292</p>
<p>39.3 Measurements of Dielectric Permittivity, 1293</p>
<p>39.4 Polarization and Dipole Moments in Isotropic Systems, 1297</p>
<p>39.5 Thermostimulated Depolarization Currents, 1316</p>
<p>39.6 Conductivity in Polyelectrolytes and Polymer–Electrolytes as Separators for Low Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrical Batteries, 1318</p>
<p>39.7 Semiconductors and Electronic Conducting Polymers, 1324</p>
<p>39.8 Ferroelectricity, Pyroelectricity, and Piezoelectricity in Polymers, 1328</p>
<p>39.9 Nonlinear Polarization in Polymers, 1331</p>
<p>39.10 Elastomers for Actuators and Sensors, 1333</p>
<p>39.11 Electrical Breakdown in Polymers, 1336</p>
<p>References, 1338</p>
<p>40 Nondestructive Inspection 1343<br /> Robert L. Crane and Jeremy S. Knopp</p>
<p>40.1 Introduction, 1344</p>
<p>40.2 Liquid Penetrants, 1347</p>
<p>40.3 Radiography, 1351</p>
<p>40.4 Ultrasonic Methods, 1361</p>
<p>40.5 Magnetic Particle Method, 1370</p>
<p>40.6 Thermal Methods, 1373</p>
<p>40.7 Eddy Current Methods, 1375</p>
<p>References, 1410</p>
<p>41 Testing of Metallic Materials 1413<br /> Peter C. McKeighan</p>
<p>41.1 Mechanical Test Laboratory, 1414</p>
<p>41.2 Tensile and Compressive Property Testing, 1418</p>
<p>41.3 Creep and Stress Relaxation Testing, 1420</p>
<p>41.4 Hardness and Impact Testing, 1422</p>
<p>41.5 Fracture Toughness Testing, 1425</p>
<p>41.6 Fatigue Testing, 1429</p>
<p>41.7 Other Mechanical Testing, 1433</p>
<p>41.8 Environmental Considerations, 1434</p>
<p>Acknowledgments, 1436</p>
<p>References, 1436</p>
<p>42 Ceramics Testing 1437<br /> Shawn K. McGuire and Michael G. Jenkins</p>
<p>42.1 Introduction, 1437</p>
<p>42.2 Mechanical Testing, 1438</p>
<p>42.3 Thermal Testing, 1451</p>
<p>42.4 Nondestructive Evaluation Testing, 1458</p>
<p>42.5 Electrical Testing, 1460</p>
<p>42.6 Summary, 1461</p>
<p>References, 1461</p>
<p>43 Plastics Testing 1463<br /> Vishu Shah</p>
<p>43.1 Introduction, 1464</p>
<p>43.2 Mechanical Properties, 1464</p>
<p>43.3 Thermal Properties, 1481</p>
<p>43.4 Electrical Properties, 1484</p>
<p>43.5 Weathering Properties, 1488</p>
<p>43.6 Optical Properties, 1492</p>
<p>Further Readings, 1496</p>
<p>44 Testing and Instrumental Analysis for Plastics Processing: Key Characterization Techniques 1499<br /> Maria del Pilar Noriega</p>
<p>44.1 FTIR Spectroscopy, 1499</p>
<p>44.2 Chromatography (GC, GC–MSD, GC–FID, and HPLC), 1500</p>
<p>44.3 DSC and Thermogravimetry (TGA), 1510</p>
<p>44.4 Rheometry, 1518</p>
<p>References, 1527</p>
<p>45 Analytical Tools for Estimation of Particulate Composite Material Properties 1529<br /> Tarek I. Zohdi and Magd E. Zohdi</p>
<p>45.1 Introduction, 1529</p>
<p>45.2 Concepts in Statistical Quality Control, 1530</p>
<p>45.3 Effective Property Estimates, 1531</p>
<p>45.4 Summary, 1535</p>
<p>References, 1537</p>
<p>PART V INSTRUMENTATION 1539</p>
<p>46 Instrument Statics 1541<br /> Jerry Lee Hall, Sriram Sundararajan, and Mahmood Naim</p>
<p>46.1 Terminology, 1541</p>
<p>46.2 Static Calibration, 1544</p>
<p>46.3 Statistics in the Measurement Process, 1547</p>
<p>References, 1570</p>
<p>47 Input and Output Characteristics 1573<br /> Adam C. Bell</p>
<p>47.1 Introduction, 1574</p>
<p>47.2 Familiar Examples of Input Output Interactions, 1575</p>
<p>47.3 Energy, Power, Impedance, 1578</p>
<p>47.4 Operating Point of Static Systems, 1586</p>
<p>47.5 Transforming the Operating Point, 1598</p>
<p>47.6 Measurement Systems, 1602</p>
<p>47.7 Distributed Systems in Brief, 1607</p>
<p>47.8 Concluding Remarks, 1609</p>
<p>References, 1610</p>
<p>48 Bridge Transducers 1611<br /> Patrick L. Walter</p>
<p>48.1 Terminology, 1612</p>
<p>48.2 Flexural Devices in Measurement Systems, 1612</p>
<p>48.3 The Resistance Strain Gage, 1615</p>
<p>48.4 The Wheatstone Bridge, 1625</p>
<p>48.5 Resistance Bridge Balance Methods, 1634</p>
<p>48.6 Resistance Bridge Transducer Measurement System Calibration, 1636</p>
<p>48.7 Resistance Bridge Transducer Measurement System Considerations, 1646</p>
<p>48.8 AC Impedance Bridge Transducers, 1655</p>
<p>References, 1660</p>
<p>Further Readings, 1661</p>
<p>49 Signal Processing 1663<br /> John Turnbull</p>
<p>49.1 Frequency–Domain Analysis of Linear Systems, 1663</p>
<p>49.2 Basic Analog Filters, 1666</p>
<p>49.3 Basic Digital Filter, 1672</p>
<p>49.4 Stability and Phase Analysis, 1680</p>
<p>49.5 Extracting Signal from Noise, 1682</p>
<p>References, 1683</p>
<p>50 Data Acquisition and Display Systems 1685<br /> Philip C. Milliman</p>
<p>50.1 Introduction, 1686</p>
<p>50.2 Data Acquisition, 1687</p>
<p>50.3 Process Data Acquisition, 1688</p>
<p>50.4 Data Conditioning, 1691</p>
<p>50.5 Data Storage, 1699</p>
<p>50.6 Data Display and Reporting, 1704</p>
<p>50.7 Data Analysis, 1707</p>
<p>50.8 Data Communications, 1708</p>
<p>50.9 Other Data Acquisition and Display Topics, 1712</p>
<p>50.10 Summary, 1715</p>
<p>References, 1715</p>
<p>PART VI MEASUREMENT STANDARDS 1517</p>
<p>51 Mathematical and Physical Units, Standards, and Tables 1719<br /> Jack H. Westbrook</p>
<p>51.1 Symbols and Abbreviations, 1720</p>
<p>Bibliography for Letter Symbols, 1731</p>
<p>Bibliography for Graphic Symbols, 1737</p>
<p>51.2 Mathematical Tables, 1742</p>
<p>51.3 Statistical Tables, 1765</p>
<p>51.4 Units and Standards, 1775</p>
<p>Bibliography for Units and Measurements, 1802</p>
<p>51.5 Tables of Conversion Factors, 1802</p>
<p>51.6 Standard Sizes, 1833</p>
<p>51.7 Standard Screws, 1886</p>
<p>52 Measurement Uncertainty 1911<br /> David Clippinger</p>
<p>52.1 Introduction, 1911</p>
<p>52.2 Literature, 1914</p>
<p>52.3 Evaluation of Uncertainty, 1915</p>
<p>52.4 Discussion, 1924</p>
<p>Disclaimer, 1924</p>
<p>References, 1925</p>
<p>53 Measurements 1927<br /> E. L. Hixson and E. A. Ripperger</p>
<p>53.1 Standards and Accuracy, 1927</p>
<p>53.2 Impedance Concepts, 1930</p>
<p>53.3 Error Analysis, 1935</p>
<p>References, 1942</p>
<p>INDEX I–1</p>