Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering , Volumes I and II Set

VOLUME 1
<p>PREFACE xxiii</p>
<p>CONTRIBUTORS xxvii</p>
<p>PART I CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1</p>
<p>1 New and Emerging Technologies in Structural Health Monitoring 3<br /> Merit Enckell, Jacob Egede Andersen, Branko Glisic, and Johan Silfwerbrand</p>
<p>1.1 Introduction, 5</p>
<p>1.2 Background, 6</p>
<p>1.3 New and Emerging Technologies, 8</p>
<p>1.4 Fiber–Optic Technology, 16</p>
<p>1.5 Acoustic Emission, 24</p>
<p>1.6 Radar Technology, 27</p>
<p>1.7 Global Positioning System, 31</p>
<p>1.8 Corrosion Monitoring Systems, 33</p>
<p>1.9 Weigh–in–Motion (WIM) Systems, 35</p>
<p>1.10 Components of Structural Health Monitoring System, 37</p>
<p>1.11 Structural Health Monitoring System Design, 41</p>
<p>1.12 System Procurement and Installation, 44</p>
<p>1.13 Application of Structural Health Monitoring Systems, 47</p>
<p>1.14 Discussion, 67</p>
<p>1.15 Conclusion, 69</p>
<p>Acknowledgments, 70</p>
<p>References, 71</p>
<p>2 Applications of GIS in Engineering Measurements 79<br /> Gary S. Spring</p>
<p>2.1 Introduction, 79</p>
<p>2.2 Background, 80</p>
<p>2.3 Basic Principles of GIS, 81</p>
<p>2.4 Measurement–Based GIS Applications, 96</p>
<p>2.5 Implementation Issues, 97</p>
<p>2.6 Conclusion, 100</p>
<p>References, 102</p>
<p>3 Traffic Congestion Management 105<br /> Nagui M. Rouphail</p>
<p>3.1 Introduction and Background, 105</p>
<p>3.2 Scope of the Chapter, 106</p>
<p>3.3 Organization of the Chapter, 107</p>
<p>3.4 Fundamentals of Vehicle Emission Estimation, 107</p>
<p>3.5 Inventory of Traffic Congestion Management Methods, 112</p>
<p>3.6 Assessing Emission Impacts of Traffic Congestion Management, 119</p>
<p>3.7 Summary, 128</p>
<p>Acknowledgments, 129</p>
<p>References, 129</p>
<p>4 Seismic Testing of Highway Bridges 133<br /> Eric V. Monzon, Ahmad M. Itani, and Gokhan Pekcan</p>
<p>4.1 Introduction, 133</p>
<p>4.2 Similitude Requirements, 134</p>
<p>4.3 Specimen Fabrication, 141</p>
<p>4.4 Input Motion, 148</p>
<p>4.5 Instrumentation, 150</p>
<p>4.6 Data Acquisition and Processing, 155</p>
<p>4.7 Results, 157</p>
<p>References, 158</p>
<p>5 Measurements in Environmental Engineering 159<br /> Daniel A. Vallero</p>
<p>5.1 Introduction, 159</p>
<p>5.2 Environmental Sampling Approaches, 166</p>
<p>5.3 Laboratory Analysis, 169</p>
<p>5.4 Measurement Uncertainty, 183</p>
<p>5.5 Measurement Decision Making, 186</p>
<p>5.6 Environmental Indicators, 191</p>
<p>5.7 Extending Measurement Data Using Models, 199</p>
<p>5.8 Summary, 200</p>
<p>Nomenclature, 200</p>
<p>References, 202</p>
<p>6 Hydrology Measurements 205<br /> Todd C. Rasmussen</p>
<p>6.1 Introduction, 206</p>
<p>6.2 Precipitation, 209</p>
<p>6.3 Evapotranspiration, 212</p>
<p>6.4 Surface Flow, 216</p>
<p>6.5 Groundwater, 219</p>
<p>6.6 Soil Water, 223</p>
<p>6.7 Water Quality, 226</p>
<p>Suggested Readings, 231</p>
<p>7 Mobile Source Emissions Testing 233<br /> Mohan Venigalla</p>
<p>7.1 Testing for Regulatory Compliance, 234</p>
<p>References, 240</p>
<p>PART II MECHANICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 241</p>
<p>8 Dimensions, Surfaces, and their Measurement 243<br /> Mikell P. Groover</p>
<p>8.1 Dimensions, Tolerances, and Related Attributes, 244</p>
<p>8.2 Conventional Measuring Instruments and Gages, 245</p>
<p>8.3 Surfaces, 254</p>
<p>References, 256</p>
<p>9 Mass Properties Measurement 259<br /> David Tellet</p>
<p>9.1 Introduction, 260</p>
<p>9.2 Mass and Weight, 262</p>
<p>9.3 Measurement Methodology, 264</p>
<p>9.4 Weight and Mass Measurement, 274</p>
<p>9.5 Center of Gravity Measurement, 275</p>
<p>9.6 MOI Measurement, 280</p>
<p>9.7 POI Measurement, 284</p>
<p>9.8 Measuring Large Vehicles, 287</p>
<p>9.9 Sources of Uncertainty, 292</p>
<p>References, 300</p>
<p>10 Force Measurement 301<br /> Patrick Collins</p>
<p>10.1 Introduction, 302</p>
<p>10.2 Force Transducers, 303</p>
<p>10.3 Universal Testing Machines, 306</p>
<p>10.4 The Strain Gauge Sensor, 307</p>
<p>10.5 Resonant Element Transducers, 311</p>
<p>10.6 Surface Acoustic Wave Transducers, 314</p>
<p>10.7 Dynamometers, 317</p>
<p>10.8 Optical Force Transducers, 317</p>
<p>10.9 Magneto–Elastic Transducers, 320</p>
<p>10.10 Force Balance Transducers, 321</p>
<p>10.11 Force Transducer Characteristics, 321</p>
<p>10.12 Calibration, 323</p>
<p>10.13 Conclusion, 329</p>
<p>Glossary of Terms, 329</p>
<p>References, 340</p>
<p>11 Resistive Strain Measurement Devices 343<br /> Mark Tuttle</p>
<p>11.1 Preliminary Discussion, 343</p>
<p>11.2 Resistance Metal Strain Gages, 349</p>
<p>11.3 Semiconductor Strain Gages, 363</p>
<p>11.4 Liquid Metal Strain Gages, 365</p>
<p>References, 366</p>
<p>12 Vibration Measurement 367<br /> Sheryl M. Gracewski and Nigel D. Ramoutar</p>
<p>12.1 Introduction, 367</p>
<p>12.2 One–Degree–of–Freedom System Response, 369</p>
<p>12.3 Multi–Degree–of–Freedom Systems and the Frequency Response Function, 373</p>
<p>12.4 Vibration Measurement Equipment and Techniques, 388</p>
<p>12.5 Experimental Modal Analysis, 405</p>
<p>12.6 Applications of Vibration Measurement, 423</p>
<p>Nomenclature, 428</p>
<p>References, 431</p>
<p>13 Acoustical Measurements 433<br /> Brian E. Anderson, Jonathan D. Blotter, Kent L. Gee, and Scott D. Sommerfeldt</p>
<p>13.1 Introduction, 434</p>
<p>13.2 Fundamental Measures, 436</p>
<p>13.3 Microphones, 445</p>
<p>13.4 Sound Pressure Level Measurements, 451</p>
<p>13.5 Measurement of Sound Isolation, 454</p>
<p>13.6 Room Acoustics Measurements, 457</p>
<p>13.7 Community and Environmental Noise, 463</p>
<p>13.8 Sound Intensity Measurements, 465</p>
<p>13.9 Sound Power Measurements, 472</p>
<p>13.10 Sound Exposure Measurements, 476</p>
<p>References, 479</p>
<p>14 Temperature Measurement 483<br /> Peter R. N. Childs</p>
<p>Summary, 484</p>
<p>14.1 Introduction, 484</p>
<p>14.2 Selection, 487</p>
<p>14.3 Invasive Temperature Measurement, 489</p>
<p>14.4 Semi–Invasive Methods, 511</p>
<p>14.5 Noninvasive Methods, 514</p>
<p>14.6 Conclusions, 519</p>
<p>Nomenclature, 519</p>
<p>References, 521</p>
<p>15 Pressure and Velocity Measurements 527<br /> Richard S. Figliola and Donald E. Beasley</p>
<p>15.1 Pressure Concepts, 528</p>
<p>15.2 Pressure Reference Instruments, 530</p>
<p>15.3 Pressure Transducers, 536</p>
<p>15.4 Pressure Transducer Calibration, 543</p>
<p>15.5 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids, 544</p>
<p>15.6 Modeling Pressure and Fluid Systems, 548</p>
<p>15.7 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects, 548</p>
<p>15.8 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems, 552</p>
<p>Nomenclature, 563</p>
<p>References, 564</p>
<p>16 Luminescent Method for Pressure Measurement 567<br /> Gamal E. Khalil, Jim W. Crafton, Sergey D. Fonov, Marvin Sellers, and Dana Dabiri</p>
<p>16.1 Introduction, 567</p>
<p>16.2 Principles of Pressure–Sensitive Paint, 569</p>
<p>16.3 Pressure–Sensitive Luminescent Dyes, 571</p>
<p>16.4 PSP Polymer and Binder, 572</p>
<p>16.5 Measurement Methods, 574</p>
<p>16.6 Pressure–Sensitive Paint Measurements, 588</p>
<p>Acknowledgments, 611</p>
<p>References, 612</p>
<p>17 Flow Measurement 615<br /> Jesse Yoder</p>
<p>17.1 New–Technology and Traditional Technology Flowmeters, 616</p>
<p>17.2 Trends in Flow Measurement, 627</p>
<p>Further Readings, 628</p>
<p>18 Heat Flux Measurement 629<br /> Thomas E. Diller</p>
<p>18.1 Introduction, 630</p>
<p>18.2 Important Issues, 631</p>
<p>18.3 Gages Based on Spatial Temperature Difference, 634</p>
<p>18.4 Gages Based on Temperature Change with Time, 643</p>
<p>18.5 Gages Based on Active Heating Methods, 648</p>
<p>18.6 Calibration and Errors, 653</p>
<p>References, 655</p>
<p>19 Heat Transfer Measurements for Nonboiling Two–Phase Flow 661<br /> Afshin J. Ghajar and Clement C. Tang</p>
<p>19.1 Introduction, 661</p>
<p>19.2 Experimental Setup for Horizontal and Slightly Inclined Pipes, 662</p>
<p>19.3 Instruments for Measurement and Data Acquisition, 666</p>
<p>19.4 Heat Transfer Experiment Procedures, 667</p>
<p>19.5 Verifying the Functionality of the Experimental Setup, 670</p>
<p>19.6 Experimental Results of Two–Phase Flow, 673</p>
<p>19.7 Concluding Remarks, 682</p>
<p>Nomenclature, 683</p>
<p>References, 684</p>
<p>20 Solar Energy Measurements 687<br /> Tariq Muneer and Yieng Wei Tham</p>
<p>20.1 Introduction, 688</p>
<p>20.2 Measurement Equipment, 694</p>
<p>20.3 Equipment Error and Uncertainty, 703</p>
<p>20.4 Operational Errors, 704</p>
<p>20.5 Diffuse Radiation Data Measurement Errors, 704</p>
<p>20.6 Types of Sensors and their Accuracy, 711</p>
<p>20.7 Modern Developments, 711</p>
<p>20.8 Data Quality Assessment, 714</p>
<p>20.9 Statistical Evaluation of Models, 716</p>
<p>20.10 Outlier Analysis, 722</p>
<p>Acknowledgments, 722</p>
<p>References, 723</p>
<p>21 Wind Energy Measurements 727<br /> Peter Gregg</p>
<p>21.1 Introduction, 728</p>
<p>21.2 Concepts, 728</p>
<p>21.3 Measurements, 731</p>
<p>21.4 Evaluation, 739</p>
<p>References, 747</p>
<p>22 Human Movement Measurements 749<br /> Rahman Davoodi</p>
<p>22.1 Introduction, 749</p>
<p>22.2 Characterization of Human Movement, 750</p>
<p>22.3 Optical Motion Capture Systems, 751</p>
<p>22.4 Magnetic Motion Capture Systems, 754</p>
<p>22.5 Inertial Motion Capture Systems, 756</p>
<p>22.6 Discussion, 761</p>
<p>Acknowledgment, 762</p>
<p>References, 762</p>
<p>23 Flow Measurement 765<br /> Arnold A. Fontaine, Keefe B. Manning, and Steven Deutsch</p>
<p>23.1 Introduction, 765</p>
<p>23.2 Flow Measurement Applications, 768</p>
<p>References, 799</p>
<p>PART III INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 803</p>
<p>24 Statistical Quality Control 805<br /> Magd E. Zohdi</p>
<p>24.1 Measurements and Quality Control, 805</p>
<p>24.2 Dimension and Tolerance, 805</p>
<p>24.3 Quality Control, 806</p>
<p>24.4 Interrelationship of Tolerances of Assembled Products, 812</p>
<p>24.5 Operation Characteristic (OC) Curve, 812</p>
<p>24.6 Control Charts for Attributes, 812</p>
<p>24.7 Acceptance Sampling, 815</p>
<p>24.8 Defense Department Acceptance Sampling by Variables, 817</p>
<p>Further Readings, 817</p>
<p>25 Evaluating and Selecting Technology–Based Projects 819<br /> Hans J. Thamhain</p>
<p>25.1 Management Perspective, 819</p>
<p>25.2 Quantitative Approaches, 821</p>
<p>25.3 Qualitative Approaches, 826</p>
<p>25.4 Recommendations, 828</p>
<p>Variables and Abbreviations, 831</p>
<p>References, 831</p>
<p>26 Manufacturing Systems Evaluation 833<br /> Walter W. Olson</p>
<p>26.1 Introduction, 833</p>
<p>26.2 Components of Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing, 834</p>
<p>26.3 Manufacturing Systems, 835</p>
<p>26.4 System Effects on ECM, 838</p>
<p>26.5 Assessment, 840</p>
<p>26.6 Summary, 844</p>
<p>References, 845</p>
<p>27 Measuring Performance of Chemical Process Equipment 847<br /> Alan Cross</p>
<p>27.1 Introduction, 847</p>
<p>27.2 Direct Fired Heater Measurement and Process Control</p>
<p>Instrumentation, 848</p>
<p>27.3 Crushing and Grinding Equipment Measurements, 851</p>
<p>References, 858</p>
<p>28 Industrial Energy Efficiency 859<br /> B. Gopalakrishnan, D. P. Gupta, Y. Mardikar, and S. Chaudhari</p>
<p>28.1 Introduction, 860</p>
<p>28.2 Literature Review, 863</p>
<p>28.3 Data Analysis of Energy Efficiency Measures, 864</p>
<p>28.4 Energy Efficiency Measures in Major Energy Consuming</p>
<p>Equipment, 872</p>
<p>28.5 Case Studies of Development of Energy–Efficiency Measures, 879</p>
<p>28.6 Conclusion, 881</p>
<p>Acknowledgments, 881</p>
<p>References, 881</p>
<p>29 Industrial Waste Auditing 885<br /> C. Visvanathan</p>
<p>29.1 Overview, 885</p>
<p>29.2 Waste–Minimization Programs, 886</p>
<p>29.3 Waste–Minimization Cycle, 888</p>
<p>29.4 Waste Auditing, 890</p>
<p>29.5 Conclusion, 909</p>
<p>Further Readings, 910</p>
<p>30 Organizational Performance Measurement 911<br /> Jennifer A. Farris, Eileen M. Van Aken, and Geert Letens</p>
<p>30.1 Introduction, 911</p>
<p>30.2 Summary, 940</p>
<p>References, 940</p>
<p>INDEX</p>
<p>VOLUME 2</p>
PART IV MATERIALS PROPERTIES AND TESTING 945
<p>31 Viscosity Measurement 947<br /> Ann M. Anderson, Bradford A. Bruno, and Lilla Safford Smith</p>
<p>31.1 Viscosity Background, 947</p>
<p>31.2 Common Units of Viscosity, 949</p>
<p>31.3 Major Viscosity Measurement Methods, 959</p>
<p>31.4 ASTM Standards for Measuring Viscosity, 974</p>
<p>31.5 Questions to Ask When Selecting a Viscosity Measurement Technique, 976</p>
<p>References, 979</p>
<p>32 Tribology Measurements 981<br /> Prasanta Sahoo</p>
<p>32.1 Introduction, 982</p>
<p>32.2 Measurement of Surface Roughness, 983</p>
<p>32.3 Measurement of Friction, 988</p>
<p>32.4 Measurement of Wear, 992</p>
<p>32.5 Measurement of Test Environment, 994</p>
<p>32.6 Measurement of Material Characteristics, 998</p>
<p>32.7 Measurement of Lubricant Characteristics, 1001</p>
<p>32.8 Wear Particle Analysis, 1004</p>
<p>32.9 Industrial Measurements, 1005</p>
<p>32.10 Summary, 1006</p>
<p>33 Corrosion Monitoring 1007<br /> Pierre R. Roberge</p>
<p>33.1 What is Corrosion Monitoring?, 1007</p>
<p>33.2 The Role of Corrosion Monitoring, 1008</p>
<p>33.3 Corrosion Monitoring System Considerations, 1010</p>
<p>References, 1116</p>
<p>34 Surface Properties Measurement 1121<br /> Mrinalini Mulukutla and Sandip P. Harimkar</p>
<p>34.1 Introduction, 1121</p>
<p>34.2 Surface Properties, 1122</p>
<p>34.3 Microstructural Analysis, 1125</p>
<p>34.4 Compositional Analysis, 1128</p>
<p>34.5 Phase Analysis, 1130</p>
<p>34.6 Mechanical Testing, 1131</p>
<p>34.7 Corrosion Properties, 1141</p>
<p>34.8 Standards for Surface Engineering Measurement, 1145</p>
<p>References, 1147</p>
<p>35 Thermal Conductivity of Engineering Materials 1151<br /> Juergen Blumm</p>
<p>35.1 Introduction, 1151</p>
<p>35.2 Stationary Methods for Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity, 1157</p>
<p>35.3 Transient Methods for the Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity, 1163</p>
<p>35.4 Test Results on Various Engineering Materials, 1173</p>
<p>References, 1188</p>
<p>36 Optical Methods for the Measurement of Thermal Conductivity 1189<br /> Prabhakar R. Bandaru and Max S. Aubain</p>
<p>36.1 Thermal Boundary Resistance May Limit Accuracy in Contact–Based Thermal Conductivity (k) Measurements, 1189</p>
<p>36.2 Optical Measurements of k May Avoid Contact–Related Issues, 1192</p>
<p>36.3 Thermoreflectance (TR), 1196</p>
<p>36.4 Characteristics of Thermoreflectance from Si Thin Films Modeling and Calibration, 1199</p>
<p>36.5 Experimental Procedures, 1202</p>
<p>36.6 Results and Discussion, 1204</p>
<p>36.7 Summary and Outlook, 1208</p>
<p>Acknowledgments, 1209</p>
<p>References, 1209</p>
<p>37 Selection of Metals for Structural Design 1213<br /> Matthew J. Donachie</p>
<p>37.1 Introduction, 1214</p>
<p>37.2 Common Alloy Systems, 1215</p>
<p>37.3 What are Alloys and What Affects their Use?, 1215</p>
<p>37.4 What are the Properties of Alloys and How are Alloys Strengthened?, 1218</p>
<p>37.5 Manufacture of Alloy Articles, 1221</p>
<p>37.6 Alloy Information, 1221</p>
<p>37.7 Metals at Lower Temperatures, 1231</p>
<p>37.8 Metals at High Temperatures, 1233</p>
<p>37.9 Melting and Casting Practices, 1236</p>
<p>37.10 Forging, Forming, Powder Metallurgy, and Joining of Alloys, 1242</p>
<p>37.11 Surface Protection of Materials, 1245</p>
<p>37.12 Postservice Refurbishment and Repair, 1248</p>
<p>37.13 Alloy Selection: A Look at Possibilities, 1249</p>
<p>37.14 Level of Property Data, 1252</p>
<p>37.15 Thoughts on Alloy Systems, 1252</p>
<p>37.16 Selected Alloy Information Sources, 1259</p>
<p>Further Readings, 1261</p>
<p>38 Mechanical Properties of Polymers 1263<br /> Daniel Liu, Jackie Rehkopf, and Maureen Reitman</p>
<p>38.1 Microstructure and Morphology of Polymers Amorphous Versus Crystalline, 1264</p>
<p>38.2 General Stress Strain Behavior, 1265</p>
<p>38.3 Viscoelasticity, 1271</p>
<p>38.4 Mechanical Models of Viscoelasticity, 1272</p>
<p>38.5 Time Temperature Dependence, 1274</p>
<p>38.6 Deformation Mechanisms, 1274</p>
<p>38.7 Crazing, 1277</p>
<p>38.8 Fracture, 1279</p>
<p>38.9 Modifying Mechanical Properties, 1284</p>
<p>38.10 Load–Bearing Applications: Creep, Fatigue Resistance, and High Strain Rate Behavior, 1285</p>
<p>References, 1290</p>
<p>39 Electrical Properties of Polymers 1291<br /> Evaristo Riande and Ricardo Diaz–Calleja</p>
<p>39.1 Introductory Remarks, 1291</p>
<p>39.2 Polarity and Permittivity, 1292</p>
<p>39.3 Measurements of Dielectric Permittivity, 1293</p>
<p>39.4 Polarization and Dipole Moments in Isotropic Systems, 1297</p>
<p>39.5 Thermostimulated Depolarization Currents, 1316</p>
<p>39.6 Conductivity in Polyelectrolytes and Polymer–Electrolytes as Separators for Low Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrical Batteries, 1318</p>
<p>39.7 Semiconductors and Electronic Conducting Polymers, 1324</p>
<p>39.8 Ferroelectricity, Pyroelectricity, and Piezoelectricity in Polymers, 1328</p>
<p>39.9 Nonlinear Polarization in Polymers, 1331</p>
<p>39.10 Elastomers for Actuators and Sensors, 1333</p>
<p>39.11 Electrical Breakdown in Polymers, 1336</p>
<p>References, 1338</p>
<p>40 Nondestructive Inspection 1343<br /> Robert L. Crane and Jeremy S. Knopp</p>
<p>40.1 Introduction, 1344</p>
<p>40.2 Liquid Penetrants, 1347</p>
<p>40.3 Radiography, 1351</p>
<p>40.4 Ultrasonic Methods, 1361</p>
<p>40.5 Magnetic Particle Method, 1370</p>
<p>40.6 Thermal Methods, 1373</p>
<p>40.7 Eddy Current Methods, 1375</p>
<p>References, 1410</p>
<p>41 Testing of Metallic Materials 1413<br /> Peter C. McKeighan</p>
<p>41.1 Mechanical Test Laboratory, 1414</p>
<p>41.2 Tensile and Compressive Property Testing, 1418</p>
<p>41.3 Creep and Stress Relaxation Testing, 1420</p>
<p>41.4 Hardness and Impact Testing, 1422</p>
<p>41.5 Fracture Toughness Testing, 1425</p>
<p>41.6 Fatigue Testing, 1429</p>
<p>41.7 Other Mechanical Testing, 1433</p>
<p>41.8 Environmental Considerations, 1434</p>
<p>Acknowledgments, 1436</p>
<p>References, 1436</p>
<p>42 Ceramics Testing 1437<br /> Shawn K. McGuire and Michael G. Jenkins</p>
<p>42.1 Introduction, 1437</p>
<p>42.2 Mechanical Testing, 1438</p>
<p>42.3 Thermal Testing, 1451</p>
<p>42.4 Nondestructive Evaluation Testing, 1458</p>
<p>42.5 Electrical Testing, 1460</p>
<p>42.6 Summary, 1461</p>
<p>References, 1461</p>
<p>43 Plastics Testing 1463<br /> Vishu Shah</p>
<p>43.1 Introduction, 1464</p>
<p>43.2 Mechanical Properties, 1464</p>
<p>43.3 Thermal Properties, 1481</p>
<p>43.4 Electrical Properties, 1484</p>
<p>43.5 Weathering Properties, 1488</p>
<p>43.6 Optical Properties, 1492</p>
<p>Further Readings, 1496</p>
<p>44 Testing and Instrumental Analysis for Plastics Processing: Key Characterization Techniques 1499<br /> Maria del Pilar Noriega</p>
<p>44.1 FTIR Spectroscopy, 1499</p>
<p>44.2 Chromatography (GC, GC–MSD, GC–FID, and HPLC), 1500</p>
<p>44.3 DSC and Thermogravimetry (TGA), 1510</p>
<p>44.4 Rheometry, 1518</p>
<p>References, 1527</p>
<p>45 Analytical Tools for Estimation of Particulate Composite Material Properties 1529<br /> Tarek I. Zohdi and Magd E. Zohdi</p>
<p>45.1 Introduction, 1529</p>
<p>45.2 Concepts in Statistical Quality Control, 1530</p>
<p>45.3 Effective Property Estimates, 1531</p>
<p>45.4 Summary, 1535</p>
<p>References, 1537</p>
<p>PART V INSTRUMENTATION 1539</p>
<p>46 Instrument Statics 1541<br /> Jerry Lee Hall, Sriram Sundararajan, and Mahmood Naim</p>
<p>46.1 Terminology, 1541</p>
<p>46.2 Static Calibration, 1544</p>
<p>46.3 Statistics in the Measurement Process, 1547</p>
<p>References, 1570</p>
<p>47 Input and Output Characteristics 1573<br /> Adam C. Bell</p>
<p>47.1 Introduction, 1574</p>
<p>47.2 Familiar Examples of Input Output Interactions, 1575</p>
<p>47.3 Energy, Power, Impedance, 1578</p>
<p>47.4 Operating Point of Static Systems, 1586</p>
<p>47.5 Transforming the Operating Point, 1598</p>
<p>47.6 Measurement Systems, 1602</p>
<p>47.7 Distributed Systems in Brief, 1607</p>
<p>47.8 Concluding Remarks, 1609</p>
<p>References, 1610</p>
<p>48 Bridge Transducers 1611<br /> Patrick L. Walter</p>
<p>48.1 Terminology, 1612</p>
<p>48.2 Flexural Devices in Measurement Systems, 1612</p>
<p>48.3 The Resistance Strain Gage, 1615</p>
<p>48.4 The Wheatstone Bridge, 1625</p>
<p>48.5 Resistance Bridge Balance Methods, 1634</p>
<p>48.6 Resistance Bridge Transducer Measurement System Calibration, 1636</p>
<p>48.7 Resistance Bridge Transducer Measurement System Considerations, 1646</p>
<p>48.8 AC Impedance Bridge Transducers, 1655</p>
<p>References, 1660</p>
<p>Further Readings, 1661</p>
<p>49 Signal Processing 1663<br /> John Turnbull</p>
<p>49.1 Frequency–Domain Analysis of Linear Systems, 1663</p>
<p>49.2 Basic Analog Filters, 1666</p>
<p>49.3 Basic Digital Filter, 1672</p>
<p>49.4 Stability and Phase Analysis, 1680</p>
<p>49.5 Extracting Signal from Noise, 1682</p>
<p>References, 1683</p>
<p>50 Data Acquisition and Display Systems 1685<br /> Philip C. Milliman</p>
<p>50.1 Introduction, 1686</p>
<p>50.2 Data Acquisition, 1687</p>
<p>50.3 Process Data Acquisition, 1688</p>
<p>50.4 Data Conditioning, 1691</p>
<p>50.5 Data Storage, 1699</p>
<p>50.6 Data Display and Reporting, 1704</p>
<p>50.7 Data Analysis, 1707</p>
<p>50.8 Data Communications, 1708</p>
<p>50.9 Other Data Acquisition and Display Topics, 1712</p>
<p>50.10 Summary, 1715</p>
<p>References, 1715</p>
<p>PART VI MEASUREMENT STANDARDS 1517</p>
<p>51 Mathematical and Physical Units, Standards, and Tables 1719<br /> Jack H. Westbrook</p>
<p>51.1 Symbols and Abbreviations, 1720</p>
<p>Bibliography for Letter Symbols, 1731</p>
<p>Bibliography for Graphic Symbols, 1737</p>
<p>51.2 Mathematical Tables, 1742</p>
<p>51.3 Statistical Tables, 1765</p>
<p>51.4 Units and Standards, 1775</p>
<p>Bibliography for Units and Measurements, 1802</p>
<p>51.5 Tables of Conversion Factors, 1802</p>
<p>51.6 Standard Sizes, 1833</p>
<p>51.7 Standard Screws, 1886</p>
<p>52 Measurement Uncertainty 1911<br /> David Clippinger</p>
<p>52.1 Introduction, 1911</p>
<p>52.2 Literature, 1914</p>
<p>52.3 Evaluation of Uncertainty, 1915</p>
<p>52.4 Discussion, 1924</p>
<p>Disclaimer, 1924</p>
<p>References, 1925</p>
<p>53 Measurements 1927<br /> E. L. Hixson and E. A. Ripperger</p>
<p>53.1 Standards and Accuracy, 1927</p>
<p>53.2 Impedance Concepts, 1930</p>
<p>53.3 Error Analysis, 1935</p>
<p>References, 1942</p>
<p>INDEX I–1</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>