You-Lin Xu,
YL Xu
John Wiley & Sons
e druk, 2014
9781118188286
Wind Effects on Cable–Supported Bridges
Specificaties
Gebonden, 776 blz.
|
Engels
John Wiley & Sons |
e druk, 2014
ISBN13: 9781118188286
Rubricering
Verwachte levertijd ongeveer 16 werkdagen
Samenvatting
As an in–depth guide to understanding wind effects on cable–supported bridges, this book uses analytical, numerical and experimental methods to give readers a fundamental and practical understanding of the subject matter. It is structured to systemically move from introductory areas through to advanced topics currently being developed from research work. The author concludes with the application of the theory covered to real–world examples, enabling readers to apply their knowledge.
The author provides background material, covering areas such as wind climate, cable–supported bridges, wind–induced damage, and the history of bridge wind engineering. Wind characteristics in atmospheric boundary layer, mean wind load and aerostatic instability, wind–induced vibration and aerodynamic instability, and wind tunnel testing are then described as the fundamentals of the subject. State–of–the–art contributions include rain–wind–induced cable vibration, wind–vehicle–bridge interaction, wind–induced vibration control, wind and structural health monitoring, fatigue analysis, reliability analysis, typhoon wind simulation, non–stationary and nonlinear buffeting response. Lastly, the theory is applied to the actual long–span cable–supported bridges.
Structured in an easy–to–follow way, covering the topic from the fundamentals right through to the state–of–the–art
Describes advanced topics such as wind and structural health monitoring and non–stationary and nonlinear buffeting response
Gives a comprehensive description of various methods including CFD simulations of bridge and vehicle loading
Uses two projects with which the author has worked extensively, Stonecutters cable–stayed bridge and Tsing Ma suspension bridge, as worked examples, giving readers a practical understanding
Specificaties
Inhoudsopgave
<p>Foreword xxi<br /> by Ahsan Kareem and Robert M Moran</p>
<p>Foreword xxiii<br /> by Hai–Fan Xian<br /> <br /> Preface xxv</p>
<p>Acknowledgements xxvii</p>
<p>1 Wind Storms and Cable–Supported Bridges 1</p>
<p>1.1 Preview 1</p>
<p>1.2 Basic Notions of Meteorology 1</p>
<p>1.3 Basic Types of Wind Storms 6</p>
<p>1.4 Basic Types of Cable–Supported Bridges 11</p>
<p>1.5 Wind Damage to Cable–Supported Bridges 16</p>
<p>1.6 History of Bridge Aerodynamics 19</p>
<p>1.7 Organization of this Book 21</p>
<p>1.8 Notations 22</p>
<p>2 Wind Characteristics in Atmospheric Boundary Layer 25</p>
<p>2.1 Preview 25</p>
<p>2.2 TurbulentWinds in Atmospheric Boundary Layer 25</p>
<p>2.3 Mean Wind Speed Profiles 27</p>
<p>2.4 Wind Turbulence 31</p>
<p>2.5 Terrain and Topographic Effects 40</p>
<p>2.6 Design Wind Speeds 43</p>
<p>2.7 Directional Preference of High Winds 48</p>
<p>2.8 Case Study: Tsing Ma Bridge Site 49</p>
<p>2.9 Notations 57</p>
<p>3 Mean Wind Load and Aerostatic Instability 61</p>
<p>3.1 Preview 61</p>
<p>3.2 Mean Wind Load and Force Coefficients 61</p>
<p>3.3 Torsional Divergence 63</p>
<p>3.4 3–D Aerostatic Instability Analysis 66</p>
<p>3.5 Finite Element Modeling of Long–Span Cable–Supported Bridges 67</p>
<p>3.6 Mean Wind Response Analysis 73</p>
<p>3.7 Case Study: Stonecutters Bridge 74</p>
<p>3.8 Notations 80</p>
<p>4 Wind–Induced Vibration and Aerodynamic Instability 83</p>
<p>4.1 Preview 83</p>
<p>4.2 Vortex–Induced Vibration 84</p>
<p>4.3 Galloping Instability 88</p>
<p>4.4 Flutter Analysis 91</p>
<p>4.5 Buffeting Analysis in the Frequency Domain 101</p>
<p>4.6 Simulation of Stationary Wind Field 107</p>
<p>4.7 Buffeting Analysis in the Time Domain 109</p>
<p>4.8 Effective Static Loading Distributions 112</p>
<p>4.9 Case Study: Stonecutters Bridge 115</p>
<p>4.10 Notations 126</p>
<p>5 Wind–Induced Vibration of Stay Cables 131</p>
<p>5.1 Preview 131</p>
<p>5.2 Fundamentals of Cable Dynamics 131</p>
<p>5.3 Wind–Induced Cable Vibrations 136</p>
<p>5.4 Mechanism of Rain–Wind–Induced Cable Vibration 138</p>
<p>5.5 Prediction of Rain–Wind–Induced Cable Vibration 151</p>
<p>5.6 Occurrence Probability of Rain–Wind–Induced Cable Vibration 158</p>
<p>5.7 Case Study: Stonecutters Bridge 163</p>
<p>5.8 Notations 173</p>
<p>6 Wind–Vehicle–Bridge Interaction 177</p>
<p>6.1 Preview 177</p>
<p>6.2 Wind–Road Vehicle Interaction 178</p>
<p>6.3 Formulation of Wind–Road Vehicle–Bridge Interaction 196</p>
<p>6.4 Safety Analysis of Road Vehicles on Ting Kau Bridge under Crosswind 200</p>
<p>6.5 Formulation of Wind–Railway Vehicle Interaction 206</p>
<p>6.6 Safety and Ride Comfort of Ground Railway Vehicle under Crosswind 217</p>
<p>6.7 Wind–Railway Vehicle–Bridge Interaction 228</p>
<p>6.8 Notations 234</p>
<p>7 Wind Tunnel Studies 241</p>
<p>7.1 Preview 241</p>
<p>7.2 Boundary Layer Wind Tunnels 241</p>
<p>7.3 Model Scaling Requirements 244</p>
<p>7.4 Boundary Wind Simulation 247</p>
<p>7.5 Section Model Tests 254</p>
<p>7.6 Taut Strip Model Tests 258</p>
<p>7.7 Full Aeroelastic Model Tests 259</p>
<p>7.8 Identification of Flutter Derivatives 260</p>
<p>7.9 Identification of Aerodynamic Admittance 266</p>
<p>7.10 Cable Model Tests 268</p>
<p>7.11 Vehicle–Bridge Model Tests 274</p>
<p>7.12 Notations 283</p>
<p>8 Computational Wind Engineering 289</p>
<p>8.1 Preview 289</p>
<p>8.2 Governing Equations of Fluid Flow 289</p>
<p>8.3 Turbulence and its Modeling 293</p>
<p>8.4 Numerical Considerations 304</p>
<p>8.5 CFD for Force Coefficients of Bridge Deck 319</p>
<p>8.6 CFD for Vehicle Aerodynamics 323</p>
<p>8.7 CFD for Aerodynamics of Coupled Vehicle–Bridge Deck System 330</p>
<p>8.8 CFD for Flutter Derivatives of Bridge Deck 336</p>
<p>8.9 CFD for Non–Linear Aerodynamic Forces on Bridge Deck 339</p>
<p>8.10 Notations 341</p>
<p>9 Wind and Structural Health Monitoring 345</p>
<p>9.1 Preview 345</p>
<p>9.2 Design of Wind and Structural Health Monitoring Systems 346</p>
<p>9.3 Sensors and Sensing Technology 347</p>
<p>9.4 Data Acquisition and Transmission System (DATS) 351</p>
<p>9.5 Data Processing and Control System 354</p>
<p>9.6 Data Management System 355</p>
<p>9.7 Structural Health Monitoring System of Tsing Ma Bridge 356</p>
<p>9.8 Monitoring Results of Tsing Ma Bridge during Typhoon Victor 363</p>
<p>9.9 System Identification of Tsing Ma Bridge during Typhoon Victor 376</p>
<p>9.10 Notations 381</p>
<p>10 Buffeting Response to Skew Winds 385</p>
<p>10.1 Preview 385</p>
<p>10.2 Formulation in the Frequency Domain 386</p>
<p>10.2.1 Basic Assumptions 386</p>
<p>10.3 Formulation in the Time Domain 401</p>
<p>10.4 Aerodynamic Coefficients of Bridge Deck under Skew Winds 409</p>
<p>10.5 Flutter Derivatives of Bridge Deck under Skew Winds 413</p>
<p>10.6 Aerodynamic Coefficients of Bridge Tower under Skew Winds 418</p>
<p>10.7 Comparison with Field Measurement Results of Tsing Ma Bridge 424</p>
<p>10.8 Notations 433</p>
<p>11 Multiple Loading–Induced Fatigue Analysis 439</p>
<p>11.1 Preview 439</p>
<p>11.2 SHM–oriented Finite Element Modeling 440</p>
<p>11.3 Framework for Buffeting–Induced Stress Analysis 445</p>
<p>11.4 Comparison with Field Measurement Results of Tsing Ma Bridge 452</p>
<p>11.5 Buffeting–Induced Fatigue Damage Assessment 464</p>
<p>11.6 Framework for Multiple Loading–Induced Stress Analysis 476</p>
<p>11.7 Verification by Case Study: Tsing Ma Bridge 483</p>
<p>11.8 Fatigue Analysis of Long–Span Suspension Bridges under Multiple Loading 488</p>
<p>11.9 Notations 503</p>
<p>12 Wind–Induced Vibration Control 509</p>
<p>12.1 Preview 509</p>
<p>12.2 Control Methods for Wind–Induced Vibration 509</p>
<p>12.3 Aerodynamic Measures for Flutter Control 513</p>
<p>12.4 Aerodynamic Measures for Vortex–Induced Vibration Control 518</p>
<p>12.5 Aerodynamic Measures for Rain–Wind–Induced Cable Vibration Control 520</p>
<p>12.6 Mechanical Measures for Vortex–Induced Vibration Control 523</p>
<p>12.7 Mechanical Measures for Flutter Control 525</p>
<p>12.8 Mechanical Measures for Buffeting Control 530</p>
<p>12.9 Mechanical Measures for Rain–Wind–Induced Cable Vibration Control 541</p>
<p>12.10 Case Study: Damping Stay Cables in a Cable–Stayed Bridge 552</p>
<p>12.11 Notations 564</p>
<p>13 Typhoon Wind Field Simulation 569</p>
<p>13.1 Preview 569</p>
<p>13.2 Refined Typhoon Wind Field Model 570</p>
<p>13.3 Model Solutions 574</p>
<p>13.4 Model Validation 576</p>
<p>13.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 585</p>
<p>13.6 Extreme Wind Analysis 593</p>
<p>13.7 Simulation of Typhoon Wind Field over Complex Terrain 597</p>
<p>13.8 Case Study: Stonecutters Bridge Site 600</p>
<p>13.9 Notations 611</p>
<p>14 Reliability Analysis of Wind–Excited Bridges 615</p>
<p>14.1 Preview 615</p>
<p>14.2 Fundamentals of Reliability Analysis 615</p>
<p>14.3 Reliability Analysis of Aerostatic Instability 626</p>
<p>14.4 Flutter Reliability Analysis 626</p>
<p>14.5 Buffeting Reliability Analysis 628</p>
<p>14.6 Reliability Analysis of Vortex–Induced Vibration 632</p>
<p>14.7 Fatigue Reliability Analysis based on Miner s Rule for Tsing Ma Bridge 632</p>
<p>14.8 Fatigue Reliability Analysis based on Continuum Damage Mechanics 650</p>
<p>14.9 Notations 658</p>
<p>15 Non–Stationary and Non–Linear Buffeting Response 661</p>
<p>15.1 Preview 661</p>
<p>15.2 Non–Stationary Wind Model I 662</p>
<p>15.3 Non–Stationary Wind Model II 673</p>
<p>15.4 Buffeting Response to Non–Stationary Wind 680</p>
<p>15.5 Extreme Value of Non–Stationary Response 688</p>
<p>15.6 Unconditional Simulation of Non–Stationary Wind 697</p>
<p>15.7 Conditional Simulation of Non–Stationary Wind 698</p>
<p>15.8 Non–Linear Buffeting Response 711</p>
<p>15.9 Notations 721</p>
<p>16 Epilogue: Challenges and Prospects 729</p>
<p>16.1 Challenges 729</p>
<p>16.2 Prospects 733</p>
<p>Index 735</p>
<p>Foreword xxiii<br /> by Hai–Fan Xian<br /> <br /> Preface xxv</p>
<p>Acknowledgements xxvii</p>
<p>1 Wind Storms and Cable–Supported Bridges 1</p>
<p>1.1 Preview 1</p>
<p>1.2 Basic Notions of Meteorology 1</p>
<p>1.3 Basic Types of Wind Storms 6</p>
<p>1.4 Basic Types of Cable–Supported Bridges 11</p>
<p>1.5 Wind Damage to Cable–Supported Bridges 16</p>
<p>1.6 History of Bridge Aerodynamics 19</p>
<p>1.7 Organization of this Book 21</p>
<p>1.8 Notations 22</p>
<p>2 Wind Characteristics in Atmospheric Boundary Layer 25</p>
<p>2.1 Preview 25</p>
<p>2.2 TurbulentWinds in Atmospheric Boundary Layer 25</p>
<p>2.3 Mean Wind Speed Profiles 27</p>
<p>2.4 Wind Turbulence 31</p>
<p>2.5 Terrain and Topographic Effects 40</p>
<p>2.6 Design Wind Speeds 43</p>
<p>2.7 Directional Preference of High Winds 48</p>
<p>2.8 Case Study: Tsing Ma Bridge Site 49</p>
<p>2.9 Notations 57</p>
<p>3 Mean Wind Load and Aerostatic Instability 61</p>
<p>3.1 Preview 61</p>
<p>3.2 Mean Wind Load and Force Coefficients 61</p>
<p>3.3 Torsional Divergence 63</p>
<p>3.4 3–D Aerostatic Instability Analysis 66</p>
<p>3.5 Finite Element Modeling of Long–Span Cable–Supported Bridges 67</p>
<p>3.6 Mean Wind Response Analysis 73</p>
<p>3.7 Case Study: Stonecutters Bridge 74</p>
<p>3.8 Notations 80</p>
<p>4 Wind–Induced Vibration and Aerodynamic Instability 83</p>
<p>4.1 Preview 83</p>
<p>4.2 Vortex–Induced Vibration 84</p>
<p>4.3 Galloping Instability 88</p>
<p>4.4 Flutter Analysis 91</p>
<p>4.5 Buffeting Analysis in the Frequency Domain 101</p>
<p>4.6 Simulation of Stationary Wind Field 107</p>
<p>4.7 Buffeting Analysis in the Time Domain 109</p>
<p>4.8 Effective Static Loading Distributions 112</p>
<p>4.9 Case Study: Stonecutters Bridge 115</p>
<p>4.10 Notations 126</p>
<p>5 Wind–Induced Vibration of Stay Cables 131</p>
<p>5.1 Preview 131</p>
<p>5.2 Fundamentals of Cable Dynamics 131</p>
<p>5.3 Wind–Induced Cable Vibrations 136</p>
<p>5.4 Mechanism of Rain–Wind–Induced Cable Vibration 138</p>
<p>5.5 Prediction of Rain–Wind–Induced Cable Vibration 151</p>
<p>5.6 Occurrence Probability of Rain–Wind–Induced Cable Vibration 158</p>
<p>5.7 Case Study: Stonecutters Bridge 163</p>
<p>5.8 Notations 173</p>
<p>6 Wind–Vehicle–Bridge Interaction 177</p>
<p>6.1 Preview 177</p>
<p>6.2 Wind–Road Vehicle Interaction 178</p>
<p>6.3 Formulation of Wind–Road Vehicle–Bridge Interaction 196</p>
<p>6.4 Safety Analysis of Road Vehicles on Ting Kau Bridge under Crosswind 200</p>
<p>6.5 Formulation of Wind–Railway Vehicle Interaction 206</p>
<p>6.6 Safety and Ride Comfort of Ground Railway Vehicle under Crosswind 217</p>
<p>6.7 Wind–Railway Vehicle–Bridge Interaction 228</p>
<p>6.8 Notations 234</p>
<p>7 Wind Tunnel Studies 241</p>
<p>7.1 Preview 241</p>
<p>7.2 Boundary Layer Wind Tunnels 241</p>
<p>7.3 Model Scaling Requirements 244</p>
<p>7.4 Boundary Wind Simulation 247</p>
<p>7.5 Section Model Tests 254</p>
<p>7.6 Taut Strip Model Tests 258</p>
<p>7.7 Full Aeroelastic Model Tests 259</p>
<p>7.8 Identification of Flutter Derivatives 260</p>
<p>7.9 Identification of Aerodynamic Admittance 266</p>
<p>7.10 Cable Model Tests 268</p>
<p>7.11 Vehicle–Bridge Model Tests 274</p>
<p>7.12 Notations 283</p>
<p>8 Computational Wind Engineering 289</p>
<p>8.1 Preview 289</p>
<p>8.2 Governing Equations of Fluid Flow 289</p>
<p>8.3 Turbulence and its Modeling 293</p>
<p>8.4 Numerical Considerations 304</p>
<p>8.5 CFD for Force Coefficients of Bridge Deck 319</p>
<p>8.6 CFD for Vehicle Aerodynamics 323</p>
<p>8.7 CFD for Aerodynamics of Coupled Vehicle–Bridge Deck System 330</p>
<p>8.8 CFD for Flutter Derivatives of Bridge Deck 336</p>
<p>8.9 CFD for Non–Linear Aerodynamic Forces on Bridge Deck 339</p>
<p>8.10 Notations 341</p>
<p>9 Wind and Structural Health Monitoring 345</p>
<p>9.1 Preview 345</p>
<p>9.2 Design of Wind and Structural Health Monitoring Systems 346</p>
<p>9.3 Sensors and Sensing Technology 347</p>
<p>9.4 Data Acquisition and Transmission System (DATS) 351</p>
<p>9.5 Data Processing and Control System 354</p>
<p>9.6 Data Management System 355</p>
<p>9.7 Structural Health Monitoring System of Tsing Ma Bridge 356</p>
<p>9.8 Monitoring Results of Tsing Ma Bridge during Typhoon Victor 363</p>
<p>9.9 System Identification of Tsing Ma Bridge during Typhoon Victor 376</p>
<p>9.10 Notations 381</p>
<p>10 Buffeting Response to Skew Winds 385</p>
<p>10.1 Preview 385</p>
<p>10.2 Formulation in the Frequency Domain 386</p>
<p>10.2.1 Basic Assumptions 386</p>
<p>10.3 Formulation in the Time Domain 401</p>
<p>10.4 Aerodynamic Coefficients of Bridge Deck under Skew Winds 409</p>
<p>10.5 Flutter Derivatives of Bridge Deck under Skew Winds 413</p>
<p>10.6 Aerodynamic Coefficients of Bridge Tower under Skew Winds 418</p>
<p>10.7 Comparison with Field Measurement Results of Tsing Ma Bridge 424</p>
<p>10.8 Notations 433</p>
<p>11 Multiple Loading–Induced Fatigue Analysis 439</p>
<p>11.1 Preview 439</p>
<p>11.2 SHM–oriented Finite Element Modeling 440</p>
<p>11.3 Framework for Buffeting–Induced Stress Analysis 445</p>
<p>11.4 Comparison with Field Measurement Results of Tsing Ma Bridge 452</p>
<p>11.5 Buffeting–Induced Fatigue Damage Assessment 464</p>
<p>11.6 Framework for Multiple Loading–Induced Stress Analysis 476</p>
<p>11.7 Verification by Case Study: Tsing Ma Bridge 483</p>
<p>11.8 Fatigue Analysis of Long–Span Suspension Bridges under Multiple Loading 488</p>
<p>11.9 Notations 503</p>
<p>12 Wind–Induced Vibration Control 509</p>
<p>12.1 Preview 509</p>
<p>12.2 Control Methods for Wind–Induced Vibration 509</p>
<p>12.3 Aerodynamic Measures for Flutter Control 513</p>
<p>12.4 Aerodynamic Measures for Vortex–Induced Vibration Control 518</p>
<p>12.5 Aerodynamic Measures for Rain–Wind–Induced Cable Vibration Control 520</p>
<p>12.6 Mechanical Measures for Vortex–Induced Vibration Control 523</p>
<p>12.7 Mechanical Measures for Flutter Control 525</p>
<p>12.8 Mechanical Measures for Buffeting Control 530</p>
<p>12.9 Mechanical Measures for Rain–Wind–Induced Cable Vibration Control 541</p>
<p>12.10 Case Study: Damping Stay Cables in a Cable–Stayed Bridge 552</p>
<p>12.11 Notations 564</p>
<p>13 Typhoon Wind Field Simulation 569</p>
<p>13.1 Preview 569</p>
<p>13.2 Refined Typhoon Wind Field Model 570</p>
<p>13.3 Model Solutions 574</p>
<p>13.4 Model Validation 576</p>
<p>13.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 585</p>
<p>13.6 Extreme Wind Analysis 593</p>
<p>13.7 Simulation of Typhoon Wind Field over Complex Terrain 597</p>
<p>13.8 Case Study: Stonecutters Bridge Site 600</p>
<p>13.9 Notations 611</p>
<p>14 Reliability Analysis of Wind–Excited Bridges 615</p>
<p>14.1 Preview 615</p>
<p>14.2 Fundamentals of Reliability Analysis 615</p>
<p>14.3 Reliability Analysis of Aerostatic Instability 626</p>
<p>14.4 Flutter Reliability Analysis 626</p>
<p>14.5 Buffeting Reliability Analysis 628</p>
<p>14.6 Reliability Analysis of Vortex–Induced Vibration 632</p>
<p>14.7 Fatigue Reliability Analysis based on Miner s Rule for Tsing Ma Bridge 632</p>
<p>14.8 Fatigue Reliability Analysis based on Continuum Damage Mechanics 650</p>
<p>14.9 Notations 658</p>
<p>15 Non–Stationary and Non–Linear Buffeting Response 661</p>
<p>15.1 Preview 661</p>
<p>15.2 Non–Stationary Wind Model I 662</p>
<p>15.3 Non–Stationary Wind Model II 673</p>
<p>15.4 Buffeting Response to Non–Stationary Wind 680</p>
<p>15.5 Extreme Value of Non–Stationary Response 688</p>
<p>15.6 Unconditional Simulation of Non–Stationary Wind 697</p>
<p>15.7 Conditional Simulation of Non–Stationary Wind 698</p>
<p>15.8 Non–Linear Buffeting Response 711</p>
<p>15.9 Notations 721</p>
<p>16 Epilogue: Challenges and Prospects 729</p>
<p>16.1 Challenges 729</p>
<p>16.2 Prospects 733</p>
<p>Index 735</p>