Henry B. (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology) Garrett
Meer over de auteurs
Henry B. (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology) Garrett,
HB Garrett,
Albert C. (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology) Whittlesey
John Wiley & Sons
e druk, 2012
9781118186459
Guide to Mitigating Spacecraft Charging Effects
Specificaties
Gebonden, 194 blz.
|
Engels
John Wiley & Sons |
e druk, 2012
ISBN13: 9781118186459
Rubricering
Onderdeel van serie
JPL Space Science and Technology Series
Verwachte levertijd ongeveer 16 werkdagen
Samenvatting
The definitive guide to the modern body of spacecraft charging knowledge, this book authoritatively blends the theoretical and practical aspects of spacecraft charging. It defines the environment that can have significant effects on spacecraft, such as disruption of science measurements and solar arrays from electrostatic discharge (ESD). Combining the authors′ extensive experience in spacecraft charging and in their provision of design support to NASA, JPL, and the commercial satellite market, this incredible book offers practical advice for neophytes in the field as well as experienced plasma physicists and spacecraft engineers.
Specificaties
Inhoudsopgave
<p>Note from the Series Editor xi</p>
<p>Foreword xiii</p>
<p>Preface xv</p>
<p>1 Introduction 1</p>
<p>2 Introduction to the Physics of Charging and Discharging 6</p>
<p>2.1 Physical Concepts, 6</p>
<p>2.1.1 Plasma, 6</p>
<p>2.1.2 Penetration, 8</p>
<p>2.1.3 Charge Deposition, 10</p>
<p>2.1.4 Conductivity and Grounding, 11</p>
<p>2.1.5 Breakdown Voltage, 11</p>
<p>2.1.6 Dielectric Constant, 12</p>
<p>2.1.7 Shielding Density, 12</p>
<p>2.1.8 Electron Fluxes (Fluences) at Breakdown, 12</p>
<p>2.2 Electron Environment, 13</p>
<p>2.2.1 Units, 14</p>
<p>2.2.2 Substorm Environment Specifications, 15</p>
<p>2.3 Modeling Spacecraft Charging, 16</p>
<p>2.3.1 The Physics of Surface Charging, 17</p>
<p>2.3.2 The Physics of Dielectric Charging, 19</p>
<p>2.4 Discharge Characteristics, 19</p>
<p>2.4.1 Dielectric Surface Breakdowns, 21</p>
<p>2.4.2 Buried (Internal) Charge Breakdowns, 22</p>
<p>2.4.3 Spacecraft–to–Space Breakdowns, 22</p>
<p>2.5 Coupling Models, 23</p>
<p>2.5.1 Lumped–Element Modeling, 23</p>
<p>2.5.2 Electromagnetic Coupling Models, 23</p>
<p>3 Spacecraft Design Guidelines 26</p>
<p>3.1 Processes, 26</p>
<p>3.1.1 Introduction, 26</p>
<p>3.1.2 Design, 27</p>
<p>3.1.3 Analysis, 28</p>
<p>3.1.4 Testing and Measurement, 28</p>
<p>3.1.5 Inspection, 29</p>
<p>3.2 Design Guidelines, 29</p>
<p>3.2.1 General ESD Design Guidelines, 29</p>
<p>3.2.2 Surface ESD Design Guidelines, Excluding Solar Arrays, 40</p>
<p>3.2.3 Internal ESD Design Guidelines, 41</p>
<p>3.2.4 Solar Array ESD Design Guidelines, 44</p>
<p>3.2.5 Special Situations ESD Design Guidelines, 54</p>
<p>4 Spacecraft Test Techniques 62</p>
<p>4.1 Test Philosophy, 62</p>
<p>4.2 Simulation of Parameters, 63</p>
<p>4.3 General Test Methods, 64</p>
<p>4.3.1 ESD–Generating Equipment, 64</p>
<p>4.3.2 Methods of ESD Applications, 68</p>
<p>5 Control and Monitoring Techniques 76</p>
<p>5.1 Active Spacecraft Charge Control, 76</p>
<p>5.2 Environmental and Event Monitors, 76</p>
<p>6 Material Notes and Tables 79</p>
<p>6.1 Dielectric Material List, 79</p>
<p>6.2 Conductor Material List, 80</p>
<p>A Nomenclature 83</p>
<p>A.1 Constants and Measurement Units, 83</p>
<p>A.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations, 84</p>
<p>A.3 Defined Terms, 89</p>
<p>A.4 Variables, 92</p>
<p>A.5 Symbols, 93</p>
<p>B The Space Environment 95</p>
<p>B.1 Introduction to Space Environments, 95</p>
<p>B.1.1 Quantitative Representations of the Space Environment, 95</p>
<p>B.1.2 Data Sources, 99</p>
<p>B.2 Geosynchronous Environments, 102</p>
<p>B.2.1 Geosynchronous Plasma Environments, 102</p>
<p>B.2.2 Geosynchronous High–Energy Environments, 104</p>
<p>B.3 Other Earth Environments, 110</p>
<p>B.3.1 MEO, 110</p>
<p>B.3.2 PEO, 111</p>
<p>B.3.3 Molniya Orbit, 112</p>
<p>B.4 Other Space Environments, 112</p>
<p>B.4.1 Solar Wind, 112</p>
<p>B.4.2 Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn Magnetospheres Compared, 113</p>
<p>C Environment, Electron Transport, and Spacecraft Charging Computer Codes 122</p>
<p>C.1 Environment Codes, 122</p>
<p>C.1.1 AE8/AP8, 122</p>
<p>C.1.2 CRRES, 122</p>
<p>C.1.3 Flux Model for Internal Charging (FLUMIC), 123</p>
<p>C.1.4 GIRE/SATRAD, 123</p>
<p>C.1.5 Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, 123</p>
<p>C.1.6 L2 Charged Particle Environment (L2–CPE), 123</p>
<p>C.1.7 MIL–STD–1809, Space Environment for USAF Space Vehicles, 123</p>
<p>C.1.8 Geosynchronous Plasma Model, 124</p>
<p>C.1.9 Others, 124</p>
<p>C.2 Transport Codes, 124</p>
<p>C.2.1 Cosmic Ray Effects on MicroElectronics 1996 (CREME96), 124</p>
<p>C.2.2 EGS4, 125</p>
<p>C.2.3 Geant4, 125</p>
<p>C.2.4 Integrated TIGER Series (ITS), 125</p>
<p>C.2.5 MCNP/MCNPE, 126</p>
<p>C.2.6 NOVICE, 126</p>
<p>C.2.7 NUMIT, 126</p>
<p>C.2.8 SHIELDOSE, 127</p>
<p>C.2.9 SPENVIS/DICTAT, 127</p>
<p>C.2.10 TRIM, 127</p>
<p>C.2.11 Summary, 128</p>
<p>C.3 Charging Codes, 128</p>
<p>C.3.1 Environment Work Bench (EWB), 128</p>
<p>C.3.2 Multi–Utility Spacecraft Charging Analysis Tool (MUSCAT), 128</p>
<p>C.3.3 Nascap–2k and NASCAP Family of Charging Codes, 129</p>
<p>C.3.4 SEE Interactive Spacecraft Charging Handbook, 129</p>
<p>C.3.5 Spacecraft Plasma Interaction System (SPIS), 129</p>
<p>D Internal Charging Analyses 132</p>
<p>D.1 The Physics of Dielectric Charging, 132</p>
<p>D.2 Simple Internal Charging Analysis, 134</p>
<p>D.3 Detailed Analysis, 135</p>
<p>D.4 Spacecraft Level Analysis, 136</p>
<p>D.4.1 Dose–to–Fluence Approximation, 136</p>
<p>E Test Methods 138</p>
<p>E.1 Electron–Beam Tests, 138</p>
<p>E.2 Dielectric Strength/Breakdown Voltage, 139</p>
<p>E.3 Resistivity Conductivity Determination, 140</p>
<p>E.4 Simple Volume Resistivity Measurement, 141</p>
<p>E.5 Electron–Beam Resistivity Test Method, 142</p>
<p>E.6 NonContacting Voltmeter Resistivity Test Method, 143</p>
<p>E.7 Dielectric Constant, Time Constant, 144</p>
<p>E.8 Vzap Test [MIL–STD–883G, Method 3015.7 Human Body Model (HBM)], 145</p>
<p>E.9 Transient Susceptibility Tests, 146</p>
<p>E.10 Component/Assembly Testing, 148</p>
<p>E.11 Surface Charging ESD Test Environments, 148</p>
<p>E.12 System Internal ESD Testing, 148</p>
<p>F Voyager SEMCAP Analysis 150</p>
<p>G Simple Approximations: Spacecraft Surface Charging Equations 152</p>
<p>H Derivation of Rule Limiting Open–Circuit Board Area 156</p>
<p>I Expanded Worst–Case Geosynchronous Earth Environments Descriptions 159</p>
<p>J Key Spacecraft Charging Documents 162</p>
<p>J.1 U.S. Government Documents, 162</p>
<p>J.1.1 DoD, 162</p>
<p>J.1.2 NASA, 164</p>
<p>J.2 Non–U.S. Government Documents, 166</p>
<p>J.2.1 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 166</p>
<p>J.2.2 European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS)/European Handbooks, 166</p>
<p>J.2.3 European Space Research and Technology Centre, 167</p>
<p>J.2.4 Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 167</p>
<p>J.2.5 Other, 167</p>
<p>K List of Figures and Tables 168</p>
<p>Index 173</p>
<p>Foreword xiii</p>
<p>Preface xv</p>
<p>1 Introduction 1</p>
<p>2 Introduction to the Physics of Charging and Discharging 6</p>
<p>2.1 Physical Concepts, 6</p>
<p>2.1.1 Plasma, 6</p>
<p>2.1.2 Penetration, 8</p>
<p>2.1.3 Charge Deposition, 10</p>
<p>2.1.4 Conductivity and Grounding, 11</p>
<p>2.1.5 Breakdown Voltage, 11</p>
<p>2.1.6 Dielectric Constant, 12</p>
<p>2.1.7 Shielding Density, 12</p>
<p>2.1.8 Electron Fluxes (Fluences) at Breakdown, 12</p>
<p>2.2 Electron Environment, 13</p>
<p>2.2.1 Units, 14</p>
<p>2.2.2 Substorm Environment Specifications, 15</p>
<p>2.3 Modeling Spacecraft Charging, 16</p>
<p>2.3.1 The Physics of Surface Charging, 17</p>
<p>2.3.2 The Physics of Dielectric Charging, 19</p>
<p>2.4 Discharge Characteristics, 19</p>
<p>2.4.1 Dielectric Surface Breakdowns, 21</p>
<p>2.4.2 Buried (Internal) Charge Breakdowns, 22</p>
<p>2.4.3 Spacecraft–to–Space Breakdowns, 22</p>
<p>2.5 Coupling Models, 23</p>
<p>2.5.1 Lumped–Element Modeling, 23</p>
<p>2.5.2 Electromagnetic Coupling Models, 23</p>
<p>3 Spacecraft Design Guidelines 26</p>
<p>3.1 Processes, 26</p>
<p>3.1.1 Introduction, 26</p>
<p>3.1.2 Design, 27</p>
<p>3.1.3 Analysis, 28</p>
<p>3.1.4 Testing and Measurement, 28</p>
<p>3.1.5 Inspection, 29</p>
<p>3.2 Design Guidelines, 29</p>
<p>3.2.1 General ESD Design Guidelines, 29</p>
<p>3.2.2 Surface ESD Design Guidelines, Excluding Solar Arrays, 40</p>
<p>3.2.3 Internal ESD Design Guidelines, 41</p>
<p>3.2.4 Solar Array ESD Design Guidelines, 44</p>
<p>3.2.5 Special Situations ESD Design Guidelines, 54</p>
<p>4 Spacecraft Test Techniques 62</p>
<p>4.1 Test Philosophy, 62</p>
<p>4.2 Simulation of Parameters, 63</p>
<p>4.3 General Test Methods, 64</p>
<p>4.3.1 ESD–Generating Equipment, 64</p>
<p>4.3.2 Methods of ESD Applications, 68</p>
<p>5 Control and Monitoring Techniques 76</p>
<p>5.1 Active Spacecraft Charge Control, 76</p>
<p>5.2 Environmental and Event Monitors, 76</p>
<p>6 Material Notes and Tables 79</p>
<p>6.1 Dielectric Material List, 79</p>
<p>6.2 Conductor Material List, 80</p>
<p>A Nomenclature 83</p>
<p>A.1 Constants and Measurement Units, 83</p>
<p>A.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations, 84</p>
<p>A.3 Defined Terms, 89</p>
<p>A.4 Variables, 92</p>
<p>A.5 Symbols, 93</p>
<p>B The Space Environment 95</p>
<p>B.1 Introduction to Space Environments, 95</p>
<p>B.1.1 Quantitative Representations of the Space Environment, 95</p>
<p>B.1.2 Data Sources, 99</p>
<p>B.2 Geosynchronous Environments, 102</p>
<p>B.2.1 Geosynchronous Plasma Environments, 102</p>
<p>B.2.2 Geosynchronous High–Energy Environments, 104</p>
<p>B.3 Other Earth Environments, 110</p>
<p>B.3.1 MEO, 110</p>
<p>B.3.2 PEO, 111</p>
<p>B.3.3 Molniya Orbit, 112</p>
<p>B.4 Other Space Environments, 112</p>
<p>B.4.1 Solar Wind, 112</p>
<p>B.4.2 Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn Magnetospheres Compared, 113</p>
<p>C Environment, Electron Transport, and Spacecraft Charging Computer Codes 122</p>
<p>C.1 Environment Codes, 122</p>
<p>C.1.1 AE8/AP8, 122</p>
<p>C.1.2 CRRES, 122</p>
<p>C.1.3 Flux Model for Internal Charging (FLUMIC), 123</p>
<p>C.1.4 GIRE/SATRAD, 123</p>
<p>C.1.5 Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, 123</p>
<p>C.1.6 L2 Charged Particle Environment (L2–CPE), 123</p>
<p>C.1.7 MIL–STD–1809, Space Environment for USAF Space Vehicles, 123</p>
<p>C.1.8 Geosynchronous Plasma Model, 124</p>
<p>C.1.9 Others, 124</p>
<p>C.2 Transport Codes, 124</p>
<p>C.2.1 Cosmic Ray Effects on MicroElectronics 1996 (CREME96), 124</p>
<p>C.2.2 EGS4, 125</p>
<p>C.2.3 Geant4, 125</p>
<p>C.2.4 Integrated TIGER Series (ITS), 125</p>
<p>C.2.5 MCNP/MCNPE, 126</p>
<p>C.2.6 NOVICE, 126</p>
<p>C.2.7 NUMIT, 126</p>
<p>C.2.8 SHIELDOSE, 127</p>
<p>C.2.9 SPENVIS/DICTAT, 127</p>
<p>C.2.10 TRIM, 127</p>
<p>C.2.11 Summary, 128</p>
<p>C.3 Charging Codes, 128</p>
<p>C.3.1 Environment Work Bench (EWB), 128</p>
<p>C.3.2 Multi–Utility Spacecraft Charging Analysis Tool (MUSCAT), 128</p>
<p>C.3.3 Nascap–2k and NASCAP Family of Charging Codes, 129</p>
<p>C.3.4 SEE Interactive Spacecraft Charging Handbook, 129</p>
<p>C.3.5 Spacecraft Plasma Interaction System (SPIS), 129</p>
<p>D Internal Charging Analyses 132</p>
<p>D.1 The Physics of Dielectric Charging, 132</p>
<p>D.2 Simple Internal Charging Analysis, 134</p>
<p>D.3 Detailed Analysis, 135</p>
<p>D.4 Spacecraft Level Analysis, 136</p>
<p>D.4.1 Dose–to–Fluence Approximation, 136</p>
<p>E Test Methods 138</p>
<p>E.1 Electron–Beam Tests, 138</p>
<p>E.2 Dielectric Strength/Breakdown Voltage, 139</p>
<p>E.3 Resistivity Conductivity Determination, 140</p>
<p>E.4 Simple Volume Resistivity Measurement, 141</p>
<p>E.5 Electron–Beam Resistivity Test Method, 142</p>
<p>E.6 NonContacting Voltmeter Resistivity Test Method, 143</p>
<p>E.7 Dielectric Constant, Time Constant, 144</p>
<p>E.8 Vzap Test [MIL–STD–883G, Method 3015.7 Human Body Model (HBM)], 145</p>
<p>E.9 Transient Susceptibility Tests, 146</p>
<p>E.10 Component/Assembly Testing, 148</p>
<p>E.11 Surface Charging ESD Test Environments, 148</p>
<p>E.12 System Internal ESD Testing, 148</p>
<p>F Voyager SEMCAP Analysis 150</p>
<p>G Simple Approximations: Spacecraft Surface Charging Equations 152</p>
<p>H Derivation of Rule Limiting Open–Circuit Board Area 156</p>
<p>I Expanded Worst–Case Geosynchronous Earth Environments Descriptions 159</p>
<p>J Key Spacecraft Charging Documents 162</p>
<p>J.1 U.S. Government Documents, 162</p>
<p>J.1.1 DoD, 162</p>
<p>J.1.2 NASA, 164</p>
<p>J.2 Non–U.S. Government Documents, 166</p>
<p>J.2.1 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 166</p>
<p>J.2.2 European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS)/European Handbooks, 166</p>
<p>J.2.3 European Space Research and Technology Centre, 167</p>
<p>J.2.4 Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 167</p>
<p>J.2.5 Other, 167</p>
<p>K List of Figures and Tables 168</p>
<p>Index 173</p>