The Cerebellum – Learning Movement, Language, and Social Skills

Acknowledgments ix
<p>Introduction xi</p>
<p>Section I: The Neuronal Machine 1</p>
<p>1 Structure and Physiology 3</p>
<p>Anatomy of the Cerebellar Cortex 3</p>
<p>Physiology of the Cerebellar Cortex 6</p>
<p>Subdivisions of the Cerebellum 10</p>
<p>The Gatekeepers: Vestibular and Deep Cerebellar Nuclei 13</p>
<p>Afferent Connections of the Cerebellum 15</p>
<p>Efferent Connections of the Cerebellum 19</p>
<p>References 21</p>
<p>Further Reading 25</p>
<p>2 Operating the Machine 27</p>
<p>Learning in the Cerebellar Cortex 28</p>
<p>Pattern Recognition by the Cerebellum 30</p>
<p>Neural Networks 32</p>
<p>The Cerebellum as Part of a Control System 32</p>
<p>Multiple Sites for Cerebellar Learning? 34</p>
<p>The Cerebellar Clock 36</p>
<p>Conclusions 38</p>
<p>References 38</p>
<p>Further Reading 40</p>
<p>3 Plasticity in the Cerebellar Cortex 41</p>
<p>Cerebellar Long–Term Depression 41</p>
<p>The Calcium Trigger 42</p>
<p>The Synaptic Conversation 44</p>
<p>The Memory Trace 46</p>
<p>What About Potentiation? 48</p>
<p>Other Sites of Plasticity 51</p>
<p>Interneurons 52</p>
<p>Conclusions 55</p>
<p>References 55</p>
<p>Further Reading 59</p>
<p>4 Adjusting the Memory Trace 61</p>
<p>Consolidation Mechanisms 61</p>
<p>Memory Transfer and Synaptic Plasticity 63</p>
<p>Mossy–Fiber Collaterals in the DCN 64</p>
<p>Intrinsic Plasticity in the DCN 66</p>
<p>Other Changes to the Memory Trace 67</p>
<p>References 68</p>
<p>Section II: Motor Learning 71</p>
<p>5 Learning a New Motor Response 73</p>
<p>Learning in the Cerebellar Cortex 75</p>
<p>Cerebellar LTD and Learning 76</p>
<p>The Engram for the NMR 79</p>
<p>Conclusions 82</p>
<p>References 82</p>
<p>Further Reading 85</p>
<p>6 Recalibration for Fine Motor Control 87</p>
<p>A Stable Platform for Vision 87</p>
<p>Adjusting an Orienting Movement 95</p>
<p>Adjusting a Tracking Movement 97</p>
<p>Conclusions 99</p>
<p>References 99</p>
<p>Further Reading 102</p>
<p>7 Perfecting Limb Movements by Motor Learning 103</p>
<p>Updating Dynamic Models 104</p>
<p>Throwing and Pointing 107</p>
<p>Sequence Learning 109</p>
<p>Stepping and Changes to gait 111</p>
<p>The Agile Mouse 113</p>
<p>Conclusions 114</p>
<p>References 114</p>
<p>Further Reading 117</p>
<p>Section III: Precision Control 119</p>
<p>8 Coordination 121</p>
<p>Precise Ocular Coordination 122</p>
<p>Coordinating the Eyes and the Head 126</p>
<p>Error Correction for Limb Movements 127</p>
<p>Planning for Multiple Joints 129</p>
<p>Internal Models Revisited 132</p>
<p>Conclusions 134</p>
<p>References 134</p>
<p>Further Reading 137</p>
<p>9 Balance and Locomotion 139</p>
<p>Cerebellar Ataxia 140</p>
<p>Signals from the Inner Ear 142</p>
<p>Coordinating Locomotion 146</p>
<p>Navigation 148</p>
<p>Conclusions 150</p>
<p>References 150</p>
<p>Further Reading 152</p>
<p>10 Timing 153</p>
<p>Timing Using Discharge Rates 154</p>
<p>Timing Using Synchronous Firing 161</p>
<p>Conclusions 165</p>
<p>References 166</p>
<p>Further Reading 168</p>
<p>Section IV: Interpreting the World 169</p>
<p>11 Intelligence and Language 173</p>
<p>General Intelligence 175</p>
<p>Executive Function 177</p>
<p>Problem–solving 181</p>
<p>Speech and Language 183</p>
<p>Possible Mechanisms 187</p>
<p>Conclusions 188</p>
<p>References 188</p>
<p>Further Reading 191</p>
<p>12 Sensing, Feeling, and Interacting 193</p>
<p>Sensory Perception 194</p>
<p>Attending to theWorld 198</p>
<p>Prediction 200</p>
<p>Mental Imagery 202</p>
<p>Social Skills 204</p>
<p>Conclusions 208</p>
<p>References 208</p>
<p>Further Reading 211</p>
<p>Summary: What does the cerebellum do? 213</p>
<p>Index 215</p>