Introduction; Part I. Analysis: 1. Who gave you the epsilon? Cauchy and the origins of rigorous calculus Judith V. Grabiner; 2. Evolution of the function concept: a brief survey Israel Kleiner; 3. S. Kovalevsky: a mathematical lesson Karen D. Rappaport; 4. Highlights in the history of spectral theory L. A. Steen; 5. Alan Turing and the central limit theorem S. L. Zabell; 6. Why did George Green write his essay of 1828 on electricity and magnetism? I. Grattan-Guinness; 7. Connectivity and smoke-rings: Green's second identity in its first fifty years Thomas Archibald; 8. The history of Stokes' theorem Victor J. Katz; 9. The mathematical collaboration of M. L. Cartwright and J. E. Littlewood Shawnee L. McMurran and James J. Tattersall; 10. Dr David Harold Blackwell, African American pioneer Nkechi Agwu, Luella Smith and Aissatou Barry; Part II. Geometry, Topology and Foundations: 11. Gauss and the non-Euclidean geometry George Bruce Halsted; 12. History of the parallel postulate Florence P. Lewis; 13. The rise and fall of projective geometry J. L. Coolidge; 14. Notes on the history of geometrical ideas Dan Pedoe; 15. A note on the history of the Cantor set and Cantor function Julian F. Fleron; 16. Evolution of the topological concept of 'connected' R. L. Wilder; 17. A brief, subjective history of homology and homotopy theory in this century Peter Hilton; 18. The origins of modern axiomatics: Pasch to Peano H. C. Kennedy; 19. C. S. Peirce's philosophy of infinite sets Joseph W. Dauben; 20. On the development of logics between the two world wars I. Grattan-Guinness; 21. Dedekind's theorem: √2 × √3 = √6 David Fowler; Part III. Algebra and Number Theory: 22. Hamilton's discovery of quaternions B. L. van der Waerden: 23. Hamilton, Rodrigues, and the quaternion scandal Simon L. Altmann; 24. Building an international reputation: the case of J. J. Sylvester (1814–1897) Karen Hunger Parshall and Eugene Seneta; 25. The foundation period in the history of group theory Josephine E. Burns; 26. The evolution of group theory: a brief survey Israel Kleiner; 27. The search for finite simple groups Joseph A. Gallian; 28. Genius and biographers: the fictionalization of Evariste Galois Tony Rothman; 29. Hermann Grassmann and the creation of linear algebra Desmond Fearnley-Sander; 30. The roots of commutative algebra in algebraic number theory Israel Kleiner; 31. Eisenstein's misunderstood geometric proof of the quadratic reciprocity theorem Reinhard C. Laubenbacher and David J. Pengelley; 32. Waring's problem Charles Small; 33. A history of the prime number theorem L. J. Goldstein; 34. A hundred years of prime numbers Paul T. Bateman and Harold G. Diamond; 35. The Indian mathematician Ramanujan G. H. Hardy; 36. Emmy Noether Clark H. Kimberling; 37. 'A marvellous proof' Fernando Q. Gouvˆea; Part IV. Surveys: 38. The international congress of mathematicians George Bruce Halsted; 39. A popular account of some new fields of thought in mathematics G. A. Miller; 40. A half-century of mathematics Hermann Weyl; 41. Mathematics at the turn of the millennium Philip A. Griffiths; Index.