Chemical Reactor Design & Operation 2e

Preface to the First Edition
<br /> Preface to the Second Edition
<br /> Preface to the Student Edition
<br /> List of Symbols
<br /> Chapter I Fundamentals of chemical reactor calculations
<br /> 1.1 Introduction
<br /> 1.2 The material, energy and economic balance
<br /> Material balance
<br /> Energy balance
<br /> Economic balance
<br /> 1.3 Thermodynamic data: heat of reaction and chemical equilibrium
<br /> Heat of reaction
<br /> Chemical equilibrium
<br /> 1.4 Conversion rate, chemical reaction rate and chemical reaction rate equations
<br /> Influence of temperature on kinetics
<br /> Influence of concentration on kinetics
<br /> 1.5 The degree of conversion
<br /> Relation between conversion and concentration expressions
<br /> 1.6 Selectivity and yield
<br /> Selectivity and yield in a reactor section with recycle of non–converted reactant
<br /> 1.7 Classification of chemical reactors
<br /> References
<br /> Chapter II Model reactors: single reactions, isothermal single phase reactor calculations
<br /> II.1 The well–mixed batch reactor
<br /> II.2 The continuously operated ideal tubular reactor
<br /> II.3 The continuously operated ideal tank reactor
<br /> 11.4 The cascade of tank reactors
<br /> II.5 The semi–continuous tank reactor
<br /> II.6 The recycle reactor
<br /> II.7 A comparison between the different model reactors
<br /> Batch versus continuous operation
<br /> Tubular reactor versus tank reactor
<br /> II.8 Some examples of the influence of reactor design and operation on the economics of the process
<br /> The use of one of the reactants in excess
<br /> Recirculation of unconverted reactant
<br /> Maximum production rate and optimum load with intermittent operation
<br /> References
<br /> Chapter III Model reactors: multiple reactions, isothermal single phase reactors
<br /> III.1 Fundamental concepts
<br /> Differential selectivity and selectivity ratio
<br /> The reaction path
<br /> III.2 Parallel reactions
<br /> Parallel reactions with equal order rate equations
<br /> Parallel reactions with differing reaction order rate equations
<br /> A cascade of tank reactors
<br /> III.3 The continuous cross flow reactor system
<br /> III.4 Consecutive reactions
<br /> First order consecutive reactions in a plug flow reactor
<br /> First order consecutive reactions in a tank reactor
<br /> General discussion
<br /> III.5 Combination reactions
<br /> Graphical methods
<br /> Optimum yield in a cascade of tank reactors
<br /> Algebraic methods
<br /> III.6 Autocatalytic reactions
<br /> Single biochemical reactions
<br /> Multiple autocatalytic reactions
<br /> References
<br /> Chapter IV Residence time distribution and mixing in continuous flow reactors
<br /> IV.1 The residence time distribution (RTD)
<br /> The E and the F diagram
<br /> The application of the RTD in practice
<br /> IV.2 Experimental determination of the residence time distribution
<br /> Input functions
<br /> IV.3 Residence time distribution in a continuous plug flow and in a continuous ideally stirred tank reactor.
<br /> IV.4 Models for intermediate mixing
<br /> Model of a cascade of N equal ideally mixed tanks
<br /> The axially dispersed plug flow model
<br /> IV.5 Conversion in reactors with intermediate mixing
<br /> IV.6 Some data on the longitudinal dispersion in continuous flow systems
<br /> Flow through empty tubes
<br /> Packed beds
<br /> Fluidized beds
<br /> Mixing in gas–liquid reactors
<br /> References
<br /> Chapter V Influence of micromixing on chemical reactions
<br /> V.1 Nature of the micromixing phenomena
<br /> Macro or gross overall mixing as characterized by the residence time distribution
<br /> The state of aggregation of the reacting fluid
<br /> The earliness of the mixing
<br /> V.2 Boundaries to micromixing phenomena
<br /> The model tubular and tank reactors
<br /> Boundaries for micromixing for reactors with arbitrary RTDs
<br /> V.3 Intermediate degree of micromixing in continuous stirred tank reactors
<br /> Formal models
<br /> Agglomeration models
<br /> Model for micromixing via exchange of mass between agglomerates and their ‘average’ environment, the IEM model
<br /> V.4 Experimental results on micromixing in stirred vessels
<br /> V.5 Concluding remarks on micromixing
<br /> References
<br /> Chapter VI The role of the heat effect in model reactors
<br /> VI.1 The energy balance and heat of reaction
<br /> VI.2 The well–mixed batch reactor
<br /> Batch versus semi–batch operation
<br /> VI.3 The tubular reactor with external heat exchange
<br /> Maximum temperature with exothermic reactions; para–metric sensitivity
<br /> VI.4 The continuous tank reactor with heat exchange
<br /> VI.5 Autothermal reactor operation
<br /> The tank reactor
<br /> An adiabatic tubular reactor with heat exchange between reactants and products
<br /> A multi–tube reactor with internal heat exchange between the reaction mixture and the feed
<br /> Determination of safe operating conditions
<br /> VI.6 Maximum permissible reaction temperatures
<br /> VI.7 The dynamic behaviour of model reactors
<br /> The autothermal tank reactor
<br /> Tubular reactor
<br /> References
<br /> Chapter VII Multiphase reactors, single reactions
<br /> VII.1 The role of mass transfer
<br /> VII.2 A qualitative discussion on mass transfer with homogeneous reaction
<br /> Concentration distribution in the reaction phase
<br /> VII.3 General material balance for mass transfer with reaction
<br /> VII.4 Mass transfer without reaction
<br /> Stagnant film model
<br /> Penetration models of Higbie and Danckwerts
<br /> VII.5 Mass transfer with homogeneous irreversible first order reaction
<br /> Penetration models
<br /> Stagnant film model
<br /> General conclusion on mass transfer with homogeneous irreversible first order reaction
<br /> Applications
<br /> VII.6 Mass transfer with homogeneous irreversible reaction of complex kinetics
<br /> VII.7 Mass transfer with homogeneous irreversible reaction of order (1.1) with Al &raquo; 1
<br /> Slow reaction
<br /> Fast reaction
<br /> Instantaneous reaction
<br /> General approximated solution
<br /> VII.8 Mass transfer with irreversible homogeneous reaction of arbitrary kinetics with Al &raquo;1
<br /> VII.9 Mass transfer with irreversible reaction of order (1, 1) for a small Hinterland coefficient
<br /> VII.10 Mass transfer with reversible homogeneous reactions
<br /> VII.11 Reaction in a fluid–fluid system with simultaneous mass transfer to the non–reaction phase (desorption)
<br /> VII.12 The influence of mass transfer on heterogeneous reactions
<br /> Heterogeneous reaction at an external surface
<br /> Reactions in porous solids
<br /> VII.13 General criterion for absence of mass transport limitation
<br /> VII.14 Heat effects in mass transfer with reaction
<br /> Mass transfer with reaction in series
<br /> Mass transfer with simultaneous reaction in a gas–liquid system
<br /> Mass transfer with simultaneous reaction in a porous pellet
<br /> VII.15 Model reactors for studying mass transfer with chemical reaction in heterogeneous systems
<br /> Model reactors for gas–liquid reactions
<br /> Model reactors for liquid–liquid reactions
<br /> Model reactors for fluid–solid reactions.
<br /> VII.16 Measurement techniques for mass transfer coefficients and specific contact areas in multi–phase reactors
<br /> Measurement of the specific contact area a
<br /> Measurement of the product k
_La
<br /> Measurement of the product k
_Ga
<br /> Measurement of mass transfer coefficients k
_L, k
_G
<br /> VII.17 Numerical values of mass transfer coefficients and specific contact areas in multi–phase reactors
<br /> Fluid–solid reactors
<br /> Fluid–fluid (–solid) reactors
<br /> References
<br /> Chapter VIII Multi–phase reactors, multiple reactions
<br /> VIII.1 Introduction
<br /> VIII.2 Simultaneous mass transfer of two reactants A and A’ with independent parallel reactions A P and A’ X (Type I Selectivity)
<br /> Mass transfer and reaction in series
<br /> Mass transfer and reaction in parallel
<br /> VIII.3 Mass transfer of one reactant (A) followed by two dependent parallel reactions
<br /> A(+B) P A(+B,B’) X
<br /> (Type II Selectivity)
<br /> Mass transfer and reaction in series
<br /> Mass transfer and reaction in parallel
<br /> VIII.4 Simultaneous mass transfer of two reactants (A and A’) followed by dependent parallel reactions with a third reactant: A + B P, A’ + B X
<br /> Complete mass transfer limitation in non–reaction phase
<br /> One reactant mass transfer limited in non–reaction phase
<br /> One reaction instantaneous
<br /> Both reactions instantaneous
<br /> No diffusion limitation of reactant originally present in reaction phase
<br /> More complex systems
<br /> VIII.5 Simultaneous mass transfer of two reactants (A and A’) which react with each other
<br /> VIII.6 Mass transfer with consecutive reactions A P X (Type III Selectivity)
<br /> Mass transfer and reaction in series
<br /> Mass transfer and reaction in parallel
<br /> VIII.7 Mass transfer with mixed consecutive parallel reactions
<br /> The system: A(1) A(2); A(2) + B(2) P(2); P(2) + B(2) X(2)
<br /> The system: A(1) A(2); A(2) + B(2) P(2); A(2) + P(2) X(2)
<br /> Complex systems
<br /> References
<br /> Chapter IX Heat effects in multi–phase reactors
<br /> IX.1 Gas–liquid reactors
<br /> General
<br /> Column reactors
<br /> Bubble column reactors
<br /> Agitated gas–liquid reactors
<br /> IX.2 Gas–solid reactors
<br /> Single particle behaviour
<br /> Catalytic gas–solid reactors
<br /> The moving bed gas–solid reactor
<br /> Thermal stability and dynamic behaviour of gas solid reactors
<br /> IX.3 Gas–liquid–solid reactors
<br /> References
<br /> Chapter X The optimization of chemical reactors
<br /> X.1 The object and means of optimization
<br /> The objective function
<br /> The optimization variables
<br /> Relation between technical and economic optima
<br /> X.2 Optimization by means of temperature
<br /> The optimization of exothermic equilibrium reactions
<br /> Temperature optimization with complex reaction systems
<br /> X.3 Some mathematical methods of optimization
<br /> Geometric programming
<br /> The Lagrange multiplier technique
<br /> Numerical search routines
<br /> Dynamic programming
<br /> Pontryagin’s maximum principle
<br /> References
<br /> Author index
<br /> Subject Index