Antibody–Mediated Drug Delivery Systems – Concepts, Technology and Applications

<p>CONTRIBUTORS xv</p>
<p>PREFACE xix</p>
<p>CHAPTER 1 ANTIBODY–MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: GENERAL REVIEW AND APPLICATIONS<br /> Navdeep Kaur, Karthikeyan Subramani, and Yashwant Pathak 1</p>
<p>1 Historical Perspective 1</p>
<p>2 Antibodies 2</p>
<p>3 Antibody Mediation 3</p>
<p>4 Antibody–Mediated Drug Delivery Systems 4</p>
<p>5 Applications 6</p>
<p>6 Recent Trends 9</p>
<p>7 Future Trends 10</p>
<p>CHAPTER 2 IMMUNOLIPOSOMES FOR CARDIOVASCULAR TARGETING<br /> Tatyana Levchenko, William Hartner, and Vladimir P. Torchilin 13</p>
<p>1 Introduction 13</p>
<p>2 Immunoliposome Targeting to Pathological Regions of the Vessel Wall 14</p>
<p>3 Liposome Internalization by Endothelial Cells 15</p>
<p>4 Targeting of Atherosclerotic Lesions for Tomographic Imaging 17</p>
<p>5 Antibody–Mediated Liposomes for Diagnosis of Thrombosis 17</p>
<p>6 Thrombolytic Therapy with Immunoliposomes 18</p>
<p>7 Targeted Sealing of Cell Membrane Lesions: Preservation of Cell Viability 19</p>
<p>8 Accumulation of Liposomes and Immunoliposomes in the Ischemic Heart 21</p>
<p>9 Immunoliposomes as a Drug and Gene Delivery Vehicle to the Infarcted Heart 26</p>
<p>CHAPTER 3 ANTIBODY–MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR BREAST CANCER THERAPEUTICS<br /> Leonor Munoz Alcivar and Yashwant Pathak 35</p>
<p>1 Introduction 35</p>
<p>2 Breast Cancer 35</p>
<p>3 Drug Delivery Systems 36</p>
<p>4 Monoclonal Antibodies 37</p>
<p>5 Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 40</p>
<p>6 Antibody–Mediated Drug Delivery System 43</p>
<p>7 Targets for the Treatment of Breast Cancer 45</p>
<p>8 Breast Cancer Therapies 46</p>
<p>9 The Future of Breast Cancer Therapeutics 49</p>
<p>10 Other Treatment Strategies 50</p>
<p>11 Nanotechnology 51</p>
<p>12 Conclusions 52</p>
<p>CHAPTER 4 DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNONCONJUGATES FOR IN VIVO DELIVERY: CANCER DIAGNOSIS, IMAGING, AND THERAPY<br /> Arutselvan Natarajan 57</p>
<p>1 Introduction 57</p>
<p>2 Immunoconjugates 61</p>
<p>3 Immunoconjugates in Cancer Therapy 62</p>
<p>4 Immunoconjugates for Imaging 69</p>
<p>5 Immunoconjugates in Diagnostic Applications 71</p>
<p>6 Immunoconjugates Promising Future and Challenges 72</p>
<p>7 Summary 73</p>
<p>CHAPTER 5 MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF ANTI–TNF THERAPIES AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH TUBERCULOSIS<br /> Simeone Marino, Mohammad Fallahi–Sichani, Jennifer J. Linderman, and Denise E. Kirschner 83</p>
<p>1 Introduction 83</p>
<p>2 Tuberculosis, TNF, and Anti–TNF Drugs 84</p>
<p>3 Theoretical Models To Study TB Infection 88</p>
<p>4 Present and Future Work 96</p>
<p>CHAPTER 6 TARGETED NANOPARTICLES IN RADIOTHERAPY<br /> Misty Muscarella and Yashwant Pathak 105</p>
<p>1 Introduction 105</p>
<p>2 Nanoparticles 106</p>
<p>3 Radiotherapy 110</p>
<p>4 Nanoparticles in Radiotherapy 111</p>
<p>5 Current and Future Developments with Nanotechnology in Radiotherapy 123</p>
<p>6 Conclusions 124</p>
<p>CHAPTER 7 ELECTRICALLY–ENHANCED DELIVERY OF DRUGS AND CONJUGATES FOR CANCER TREATMENT<br /> Arutselvan Natarajan, Luca Campana, and Raji Sundararajan 129</p>
<p>1 Introduction 129</p>
<p>2 Electroporation Mechanisms to Permeabilize the Drugs and DNAs in Cells 130</p>
<p>3 Electroporation–Aided Drug Delivery for Preclinical Studies 133</p>
<p>4 EP applications for Human Patient Studies 136</p>
<p>5 Future Perspectives 138</p>
<p>6 Summary 139</p>
<p>CHAPTER 8 CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY VARIANTS AND GLYCOSYLATION<br /> Ting Zheng, Srinivasa Rao, Jeff Rohrer, and Chris Pohl 145</p>
<p>1 Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Heterogeneity by HPLC Analysis 145</p>
<p>2 Analysis of Monoclonal Antibody Glycosylation 150</p>
<p>CHAPTER 9 ANTIBODY–MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR LYMPHATIC TARGETING TREATMENT<br /> Fang Wu, Hong Ding, and Zhirong Zhang 169</p>
<p>1 Introduction 169</p>
<p>2 Lymphatic Disorders and Their Normal Treatment 170</p>
<p>3 Antibody–Mediated Drug Delivery Systems for Lymphatic Targeting Treatment 172</p>
<p>4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 183</p>
<p>CHAPTER 10 METHODS FOR NANOPARTICLE CONJUGATION TO MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES<br /> Junling Li and Chin K. Ng 191</p>
<p>1 Introduction 191</p>
<p>2 Current Nanoparticle Systems used for Conjugation with mAbs 191</p>
<p>3 Conjugation Methods 192</p>
<p>4 Conclusions 202</p>
<p>CHAPTER 11 SINGLE–USE SYSTEMS IN ANIMAL CELL BASED BIOPRODUCTION<br /> William G. Whitford 209</p>
<p>1 Introduction 209</p>
<p>2 Component Offerings 214</p>
<p>3 Characteristics of Single–Use Systems and Their Applications 218</p>
<p>CHAPTER 12 IMMUNOLIPOSOMES FOR SPECIFIC DRUG DELIVERY<br /> Manuela Calin 229</p>
<p>1 Introduction: Advances in Liposome Formulation 229</p>
<p>2 Design of Immunoliposomes for Site–Specific Drug Delivery 230</p>
<p>3 Cellular–Specific Targeting of Immunoliposomes 242</p>
<p>4 Cellular–Specific Internalization of Immunoliposomes 246</p>
<p>5 Immunoliposomes in Diagnosis and Therapy 247</p>
<p>6 Clinical Use of Immunoliposomes 251</p>
<p>7 Conclusions and Perspectives 252</p>
<p>CHAPTER 13 GENE THERAPY TARGETING KIDNEY DISEASES: ROUTES AND VEHICLES<br /> Yoshitaka Isaka, Yoshitsugu Takabatake, and Hiromi Rakugi 267</p>
<p>1 Introduction 267</p>
<p>2 Rationale for Successful Gene Targeting 268</p>
<p>3 Site–Specific Gene Delivery 268</p>
<p>4 Nuclear Import of Gene Material 270</p>
<p>5 Targeting the Glomerulus 270</p>
<p>6 Targeting the Tubule 272</p>
<p>7 Targeting the Interstitium 274</p>
<p>8 Targeting Muscle 274</p>
<p>9 Conclusions 275</p>
<p>CHAPTER 14 DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) POLYMERS USING DOUBLE–ANTIGEN–BRIDGING IMMUNOGENICITY ELISA<br /> Yijuan Liu, Helen Reidler, Jing Pan, David Milunic, Dujie Qin, Dave Chen, Yli Remo Vallejo, and Ray Yin 279</p>
<p>1 Introduction 279</p>
<p>2 Methods 280</p>
<p>3 Results 283</p>
<p>4 Discussion 286</p>
<p>CHAPTER 15 ANTIBODIES IN NANOMEDICINE AND MICROIMAGING METHODS<br /> Rakesh Sharma 291</p>
<p>1 Introduction: Antibody Molecules and Nanoparticles 291</p>
<p>2 Antibody–Based Nanoparticles in Microimaging 292</p>
<p>3 Troponin T: Newer Magnetic Immunoassay Method 317</p>
<p>4 Gold Nanoparticles as an Antigen Carrier and Adjuvant 330</p>
<p>5 Immunochemical Biosensors, Nanomedicine, and Disease 339</p>
<p>6 Future Directions and Conclusions 341</p>
<p>CHAPTER 16 METHODS FOR POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLE CONJUGATION TO MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES<br /> Uyen Minh Le, Hieu Tran, and Yashwant Pathak 351</p>
<p>1 Introduction 351</p>
<p>2 Conjugation of mAb and Polyethylenimine Nanoparticles 353</p>
<p>3 Conjugation of mAb to Poly(Lactide–CO–Glycolide) Nanoparticles 357</p>
<p>4 Conjugation of mAb to Poly(Lactic Acid) and its Derivatives 359</p>
<p>5 Conjugation of mAb to Other Polymeric Nanoparticles 360</p>
<p>6 Summary 361</p>
<p>CHAPTER 17 PLANT–DERIVED ANTIBODIES FOR ACADEMIC, INDUSTRIAL, AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS<br /> Slavko Komarnytsky and Nikolai Borisjuk 365</p>
<p>1 Historical Perspective 365</p>
<p>2 Plant–Based Production of Recombinant Proteins 366</p>
<p>3 Expression in an Entire Plant Versus a Plant Organ 367</p>
<p>4 ER Targeting and Secretion of Recombinant Proteins 368</p>
<p>5 Expression in Seeds 370</p>
<p>6 Transient Expression 371</p>
<p>7 Glycosylation 373</p>
<p>8 Recent Examples of Plant–Derived Antibodies Effective in Mammalian Systems 375</p>
<p>9 Conclusions 376</p>
<p>CHAPTER 18 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AS BIOPHARMACEUTICALS<br /> Girish J. Kotwal 383</p>
<p>1 Historical Perspective 383</p>
<p>2 Introduction 384</p>
<p>3 Structure and Types of mAbs 385</p>
<p>4 Mechanism of Action 385</p>
<p>5 FDA–approved mAb Biopharmaceuticals in Current Use 386</p>
<p>6 Future of Monoclonal Antibodies as Biopharmaceuticals 389</p>
<p>CHAPTER 19 PULMONARY TARGETING OF NANOPARTICLES AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES<br /> Weiyuan Chang 391</p>
<p>1 Introduction 391</p>
<p>2 Attributes of mAbs as Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases 392</p>
<p>3 Antibody–Conjugated Nanoparticles for Lung Targeting 393</p>
<p>4 Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Asthma 394</p>
<p>5 Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of COPD 398</p>
<p>6 Challenges in Pulmonary Disease 400</p>
<p>7 Conclusions 402</p>
<p>CHAPTER 20 ANTIBODY–MEDIATED ARTHRITIS AND NEW THERAPEUTIC AVENUES<br /> Kutty Selva Nandakumar 407</p>
<p>1 Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis 407</p>
<p>2 Role of Cartilage Antigen–Specific Antibodies in Inducing Arthritis 408</p>
<p>3 Arthritis Mediation Through Antibodies Recognizing Citrullinated Antigens 413</p>
<p>4 Regulation at the Effector Level 414</p>
<p>5 Cartilage Damage Independent of Inflammatory Mediators 414</p>
<p>6 pathogenicity of GPI–Specific Antibodies 415</p>
<p>7 Therapeutic Cleavage of Arthritogenic Antibodies 415</p>
<p>8 Arthritis Attenuation Though Removal of Specific Sugars on IgG 417</p>
<p>CHAPTER 21 IMMUNONANOPARTICLES FOR NUCLEAR IMAGING AND RADIOTHERAPY<br /> Oren Giladi and Simon Benita 427</p>
<p>1 Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals 427</p>
<p>2 Radiolabeled Antibodies 432</p>
<p>3 Radiolabeled Nanoparticles 437</p>
<p>4 Future Perspectives and Conclusions 449</p>
<p>CHAPTER 22 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IN THE TREATMENT OF ASTHMA<br /> Glenn J. Whelan 457</p>
<p>1 Introduction 457</p>
<p>2 IgE 458</p>
<p>3 TNF 460</p>
<p>4 IL–5 462</p>
<p>5 IL–9 464</p>
<p>6 IL–4 and IL–13 465</p>
<p>7 Targeting the T–cell 467</p>
<p>8 Conclusions 468</p>
<p>References 469</p>
<p>INDEX 473</p>