Urogenital Imaging

<p>Foreword xiii</p>
<p>Preface xv</p>
<p>Contributors xvii</p>
<p>1 Adrenal Imaging 1<br />Khaled M. Elsayes, Isaac R. Francis, Melvyn Korobkin and Gerard M. Doherty </p>
<p>1.1 Introduction 1</p>
<p>1.2 Cushing s syndrome 2</p>
<p>1.3 Primary hyperaldosteronism 5</p>
<p>1.4 Pheochromocytoma 8</p>
<p>1.5 Adrenal cortical carcinoma 12</p>
<p>1.6 Adrenal incidentaloma 15</p>
<p>2 Retroperitoneal Masses 21<br />Pietro Pavlica, Massimo Valentino and Libero Barozzi </p>
<p>2.1 Introduction 21</p>
<p>2.2 Retroperitoneal anatomy 21</p>
<p>2.3 Pathological conditions 22</p>
<p>2.4 Primary solid retroperitoneal tumors 22</p>
<p>2.5 Retroperitoneal lymphoma 27</p>
<p>2.6 Cystic retroperitoneal masses 30</p>
<p>2.7 Retroperitoneal metastases 32</p>
<p>2.8 Retroperitoneal fibrosis (Ormond s disease) 33</p>
<p>2.9 Retroperitoneal fluid collections (traumatic and non–traumatic) 35</p>
<p>References 41</p>
<p>3 Imaging of Renal Artery Stenosis 43<br />Robert Hartman </p>
<p>3.1 Introduction 43</p>
<p>3.2 Clinical features 43</p>
<p>3.3 Pathology 45</p>
<p>3.4 Imaging of suspected renal artery stenosis 45</p>
<p>References 51</p>
<p>4 Renal Masses 53<br />Philip J. Kenney </p>
<p>4.1 Introduction 53</p>
<p>4.2 Symptomatic renal carcinoma 53</p>
<p>4.3 Incidental renal masses 55</p>
<p>4.4 Patients with a known cancer (other than RCC) 62</p>
<p>4.5 Renal mass in patients with symptoms 63</p>
<p>4.6 Vascular lesions presenting as a renal mass 68</p>
<p>4.7 Renal mass in patients with cystic disease 72</p>
<p>4.8 Treatment 73</p>
<p>References 73</p>
<p>5 Non–neoplastic Renal Cystic Lesions 75<br />Sameh K. Morcos </p>
<p>5.1 Introduction 75</p>
<p>5.2 Classification 75</p>
<p>5.3 Cystic lesions affecting renal cortex 76</p>
<p>5.4 Cystic lesions of renal medulla 80</p>
<p>5.5 Cystic diseases affecting both the cortex and medulla 86</p>
<p>References 97</p>
<p>6 Urological and Vascular Complications Post–renal Transplantation 99<br />Tarek El–Diasty and Yasser Osman </p>
<p>6.1 Introduction 99</p>
<p>6.2 Vascular complications 99</p>
<p>6.3 Urological complications 107</p>
<p>6.4 Ureteric strictures 110</p>
<p>6.5 Post–transplant lymphocele 113</p>
<p>6.6 Delayed graft function (DGF) 116</p>
<p>6.7 Post–transplant bladder malignancy 119</p>
<p>References 120</p>
<p>7 Urinary Tract Injuries 121<br />Elliott R. Friedman, Stanford M. Goldman and Tung Shu </p>
<p>7.1 Introduction 121</p>
<p>7.2 Renal trauma 121</p>
<p>7.3 Adrenal trauma 130</p>
<p>7.4 Ureteral trauma 131</p>
<p>7.5 Bladder trauma 133</p>
<p>7.6 Urethral trauma 136</p>
<p>7.7 Penile and scrotal trauma 142</p>
<p>References 147</p>
<p>8 Urinary Tract Infections 149<br />Mikael Hellstr&ouml;m, Ulf Jodal, Rune Sixt and Eira Stokland </p>
<p>8.1 Symptomatic urinary tract infection in children 149</p>
<p>8.2 Symptomatic upper urinary tract infection in adults 167</p>
<p>8.3 Emphysematous pyelonephritis 173</p>
<p>8.4 Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis 174</p>
<p>8.5 Urinary tract infection in the immunocompromised patient 177</p>
<p>8.6 Tuberculosis 179</p>
<p>8.7 Schistosomiasis 183</p>
<p>8.8 Hydatid disease (echinococcosis) 188</p>
<p>8.9 Urethritis 191</p>
<p>References 193</p>
<p>9 Imaging of the Genitourinary System Urolithiasis 195<br />Sami A Moussa and Paramananthan Mariappan </p>
<p>9.1 Introduction 195</p>
<p>9.2 Pathology 195</p>
<p>9.3 Clinical features 197</p>
<p>9.4 Evaluation of patients with suspected urinary stones 198</p>
<p>9.5 Treatment 198</p>
<p>9.6 Imaging 199</p>
<p>References 218</p>
<p>10 Hematuria 219<br />Thomas Bretlau, Kirstine L. Hermann, J&oslash;rgen Nordling and Henrik S. Thomsen </p>
<p>10.1 Definition 219</p>
<p>10.2 Clinical considerations 219</p>
<p>10.3 Diagnosis of hematuria 220</p>
<p>10.4 Epidemiology 220</p>
<p>10.5 Distribution of malignancy in patients with hematuria 223</p>
<p>10.6 Imaging 223</p>
<p>10.7 Summary 230</p>
<p>References 234</p>
<p>11 Bladder Cancer 235<br />G. Heinz–Peer and C. Kratzik </p>
<p>11.1 Introduction 235</p>
<p>11.2 Clinical features 237</p>
<p>11.3 Pathology 239</p>
<p>11.4 Imaging findings 243</p>
<p>11.5 Treatment planning 253</p>
<p>11.6 Post–treatment Imaging 254</p>
<p>11.7 Summary 254</p>
<p>References 255</p>
<p>12 Imaging of Urinary Diversion 257<br />Sameh Hanna and Hesham Badawy </p>
<p>12.1 Introduction 257</p>
<p>12.2 Indications for urinary diversion 257</p>
<p>12.3 Types of urinary diversion 257</p>
<p>12.4 Non–continent cutaneous form of diversion 258</p>
<p>12.5 Continent cutaneous urinary diversion (Continent Catheterizing Pouches) 258</p>
<p>12.6 Non–orthotopic continent diversion, relying on the anal sphincter for continence 260</p>
<p>12.7 Orthotopic form of diversion to the native, intact urethra (neobladder) 261</p>
<p>12.8 Contraindications to urinary diversion 264</p>
<p>12.9 Complications of urinary diversions 264</p>
<p>12.10 The role of radiologist in urinary diversion includes 267</p>
<p>12.11 Imaging studies 268</p>
<p>12.12 Imaging of complications 269</p>
<p>12.13 Summary 271</p>
<p>References 271</p>
<p>13 Imaging of the Prostate Gland 273<br />Fran&ccedil;ois Cornud </p>
<p>13.1 Introduction 273</p>
<p>13.2 Zonal anatomy and benign prostatic hypertrophy 273</p>
<p>13.3 Diagnosis of prostate cancer: TRUS features 276</p>
<p>13.4 Diagnostic of prostate cancer: MRI 284</p>
<p>13.5 Contrast–enhanced (dynamic) MRI 285</p>
<p>13.6 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) 290</p>
<p>13.7 Diffusion–weighted imaging 292</p>
<p>13.8 Indications of functional MRI 295</p>
<p>13.9 Extension of prostate cancer 297</p>
<p>13.10 Local extension by TRUS and TRUS–guided biopsy 297</p>
<p>13.11 MRI and staging of prostate cancer 298</p>
<p>13.12 Local staging 299</p>
<p>13.13 Lymph node metastases: lympho–MRI 304</p>
<p>13.14 Bone metastases: whole marrow MRI 304</p>
<p>13.15 Benign disorders of the prostate (BPH excluded) 305</p>
<p>References 321</p>
<p>14 Haemospermia 323<br />Drew A. Torigian, Keith N. Van Arsdalen and Parvati Ramchandani </p>
<p>14.1 Introduction 323</p>
<p>14.2 Clinical features 323</p>
<p>14.3 Pathology 325</p>
<p>14.4 Imaging findings 325</p>
<p>14.5 Summary 337</p>
<p>References 337</p>
<p>15 Scrotal Masses 339<br />Lorenzo E. Derchi and Alchiede Simonato </p>
<p>15.1 Introduction 339</p>
<p>15.2 Clinical features 339</p>
<p>15.3 Pathology 340</p>
<p>15.4 Imaging 340</p>
<p>15.5 Important principles in assessment of scrotal masses 341</p>
<p>15.6 Important problems in differentiating benign from malignant lesions 345</p>
<p>References 350</p>
<p>16 Gynaecological Adnexal Masses 351<br />John A. Spencer and Michael J. Weston </p>
<p>16.1 Introduction 351</p>
<p>16.2 Clinical features 351</p>
<p>16.3 Pathology 352</p>
<p>16.4 Imaging 354</p>
<p>16.5 Standard radiographic techniques 355</p>
<p>16.6 Ultrasound (US) 355</p>
<p>16.7 MR Imaging (MRI) 366</p>
<p>16.8 Computed Tomography 373</p>
<p>References 379</p>
<p>17 Imaging of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding 381<br />Patricia No&euml;l, Evis Sala and Caroline Reinhold </p>
<p>17.1 Abnormal uterine bleeding 381</p>
<p>17.2 Adenomyosis 382</p>
<p>17.3 Leiomyomas 385</p>
<p>17.4 Endometrial polyp 389</p>
<p>17.5 Endometrial hyperplasia 391</p>
<p>17.6 Endometrial carcinoma 394</p>
<p>17.7 Summary 396</p>
<p>References 397</p>
<p>18 Female Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 399<br />Rania Farouk El Sayed </p>
<p>18.1 Introduction 399</p>
<p>18.2 Anatomical considerations 399</p>
<p>18.3 Pathophysiology of pelvic floor dysfunction 401</p>
<p>18.4 Clinical features 401</p>
<p>18.5 Imaging of pelvic floor dysfunction 404</p>
<p>18.6 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 407</p>
<p>References 413</p>
<p>19 Imaging of female infertility 415<br />Ahmed–Emad Mahfouz and Hanan Sherif </p>
<p>19.1 Introduction 415</p>
<p>19.2 Polycystic ovary syndrome 415</p>
<p>19.3 Abnormalities of the fallopian tubes (Hydrosalpinx/Hematosalpinx, tubal block) 418</p>
<p>19.4 Fibroids 421</p>
<p>19.5 Adenomyosis 423</p>
<p>19.6 Developmental anomalies of the uterus 424</p>
<p>19.7 Endometriosis 429</p>
<p>19.8 Imaging 430</p>
<p>Index 431</p>