Emerging Membrane Technology for Sustainable Water Treatment

<p>Section 1: Membrane Processes for Global Water Solutions </p> <p>1. Ethical and Sustainable Utilisation of Water: Global Scenarios</p> <p>and Engineering Responsibilities </p> <p>W. Richard Bowen</p> <p>1.1 Introduction </p> <p>1.2 Global Perspectives </p> <p>1.3 Global Plans </p> <p>1.4 Engineering Responsibilities </p> <p>1.5 Membrane Engineering </p> <p>References </p> <p>2. Introduction to Membrane Processes for Water Treatment </p> <p>Rajindar Singh, Nicholas P. Hankins</p> <p>2.1 Membrane Materials </p> <p>2.2 Membrane Separation </p> <p>2.3 Membrane Processes </p> <p>2.4 Hybrid Membrane Plants 2.5 Membrane Modules </p> <p>2.6 Membrane Fouling and Control </p> <p>2.7 Recent Developments and Future Prospects </p> <p>References </p> <p>  Section 2: Desalination and Potable Water Purification </p> <p>3. Forward Osmosis for Sustainable Water Treatment </p> <p>Li-Cheng Shen, Nicholas P. Hankins</p> <p>3.1 Introduction </p> <p>3.2 Draw Solutions </p> <p>3.3 Membranes and Modules </p> <p>3.4 Applications of FO </p> <p>3.5 Conclusions </p> <p>Acknowledgements </p> <p>References </p> <p>4. Desalination by Membrane Distillation </p> <p>Julio A. Sanmartino, Mohamed Khayet, M.C. García-Payo</p> <p>4.1 Introduction </p> <p>4.2 Membrane Distillation </p> <p>4.3 Properties of Saline Aqueous Solutions </p> <p>4.4 MD Desalination </p> <p>4.5 Energy Consumption and Costs of MD Desalination </p> <p>4.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives in MD </p> <p>References </p> <p>5. Sustainable Energy Systems for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination </p> <p>Philip A. Davies</p> <p>5.1 Introduction </p> <p>5.2 Performance Limits </p> <p>5.3 Performance and Losses in RO Desalination </p> <p>5.4 Performance of PV Cells and Losses </p> <p>5.5 RO Systems for Variable-Power Operation </p> <p>5.6 Thermally Powered RO Systems </p> <p>5.7 Conclusions and Outlook </p> <p>List of Abbreviations </p> <p>Glossary </p> <p>References </p> <p>6. Desalination and On-site Energy for Groundwater Treatment in Developing</p> <p>Countries Using Fuel Cells </p> <p>Rajindar Singh</p> <p>6.1 Background </p> <p>6.2 India’s WatereEnergy Nexus </p> <p>6.3 FC Technology </p> <p>6.4 FC Integrated Membrane Desalination </p> <p>6.5 Zero Liquid Discharge Desalination Processes </p> <p>6.6 Appropriate Desalination Technology for Remote Regions </p> <p>6.7 Concluding Remarks </p> <p>References </p> <p>7. Ion Exchange Membranes for Water Softening and</p> <p>High-Recovery Desalination </p> <p>Malynda A. Cappelle, Thomas A. Davis</p> <p>7.1 Ion Exchange Materials and Water Softening </p> <p>7.2 Donnan Dialysis </p> <p>7.3 ED for Desalination </p> <p>7.4 Conclusions </p> <p>List of Acronyms and Abbreviations </p> <p>Acknowledgements </p> <p>References </p> <p>8. Water Treatment by Electromembrane Processes </p> <p>Nalan Kabay, O€ zgu€r Arar, Samuel Bunani</p> <p>8.1 Introduction </p> <p>8.2 Electrodialysis (ED) </p> <p>8.3 Electrodeionisation (EDI) </p> <p>8.4 Capacitive Deionisation (CDI) </p> <p>8.5 Conclusions and Recommendations </p> <p>List of Abbreviations </p> <p>Symbols </p> <p>Subscripts and Superscripts </p> <p>Greek Symbols </p> <p>Acknowledgements </p> <p>References </p> <p>Section 3: Wastewater Treatment for Reclamation and Reuse </p> <p>9. Removal of Emerging Contaminants for Water Reuse by Membrane</p> <p>Technology </p> <p>Long D. Nghiem, Takahiro Fujioka</p> <p>9.1 Introduction </p> <p>9.2 Membrane Technology for Water Reclamation </p> <p>9.3 NF/RO Separation </p> <p>9.4 Other Membrane Processes </p> <p>9.5 Conclusion </p> <p>References </p> <p>10. Surfactant and Polymer-Based Technologies for Water Treatment </p> <p>Li-Cheng Shen, Nicholas P. Hankins, Rajindar Singh</p> <p>10.1 Introduction </p> <p>10.2 Surfactant-Based Technologies for Water Treatment </p> <p>10.3 Polymer-Based Technologies for Water Treatment </p> <p>10.4 Combined PolymereSurfactant-Based Technologies for Water Treatment </p> <p>10.5 Characterisation of Micellar Size </p> <p>10.6 Conclusions </p> <p>Acknowledgement </p> <p>References </p> <p>11. Submerged and Attached Growth Membrane Bioreactors and Forward</p> <p>Osmosis Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment </p> <p>Sher Jamal Khan, Nicholas P. Hankins, Li-Cheng Shen</p> <p>11.1 Introduction </p> <p>11.2 Biological and Membrane Filtration Processes in MBR </p> <p>11.3 Membrane Fouling Classification and Mitigation Approaches </p> <p>11.4 Development of AMBR </p> <p>11.5 The Forward Osmosis MBR </p> <p>References </p> <p>12. Brine Treatment and High Recovery Desalination </p> <p>J. Gilron</p> <p>12.1 Introduction </p> <p>12.2 Energy and Pressure Considerations in High Recovery </p> <p>12.3 Hybrid Processes to Overcome Salinity Limitations </p> <p>12.4 Hybrid Processes that Overcome Scaling Problems </p> <p>12.5 Conclusions </p> <p>Nomenclature </p> <p>Greek Symbols </p> <p>Subscripts </p> <p>References </p> <p>Section 4: New Membrane Materials and Applications </p> <p>13. Development of Hybrid Processes for High Purity Water Production </p> <p>Rajindar Singh</p> <p> <p>13.1 Introduction</p> <p>13.2 Process Technologies</p> <p>13.3 HPW Applications</p> <p>13.4 UPW Processes for Advanced Microchips </p> <p>13.5 Water Reclamation for Reuse </p> <p>References </p> <p>14. Biomimetic Membranes for Water Purification and Wastewater Treatment </p> <p>Chuyang Y. Tang, Zhining Wang, Claus H'elix-Nielsen</p> <p>14.1 Introduction </p> <p>14.2 Aquaporins </p> <p>14.3 Biomimetic Membranes and Their Properties </p> <p>14.4 Summary and Conclusions </p> <p>References </p> <p>15. Novel Graphene Membranes e Theory and Application </p> <p>Jakob Buchheim, Roman M. Wyss, Chang-Min Kim, Mengmeng Deng, Hyung Gyu Park</p> <p>15.1 Introduction </p> <p>15.2 Porous Graphene Fluidics e Mass Transport across Porous Graphene </p> <p>15.3 Mass Transport across Layered Graphene and Graphene Oxide </p> <p>15.4 Conclusions </p> <p>References </p> <p>16. Nanocomposite and Responsive Membranes for Water Treatment </p> <p>Sebasti'an Hern'andez, Anthony Saad, Lindell Ormsbee, Dibakar Bhattacharyya</p> <p>16.1 Introduction </p> <p>16.2 Responsive Materials </p> <p>16.3 Nanocomposite Membranes </p> <p>16.4 Summary </p> <p>Acknowledgements </p> <p>References </p> <p>17. Membrane Fouling, Modelling and Recent Developments for Mitigation </p> <p>Catalina Alvarado, Kathryn Farris, James Kilduff</p> <p>17.1 Introduction </p> <p>17.2 Foulants </p> <p>17.3 Biological Fouling </p> <p>17.4 Models for Fouling </p> <p>17.5 Approaches to Mitigate Fouling </p> <p>17.6 Concluding Remarks </p> <p>References </p>