Section 1: Basic Science<br>1. Development of the Spine<br>2. Applied Anatomy of the Spine<br>3. Architectural Design and Function of Human Back Muscles<br>4. Lumbar Musculature: Anatomy and Function<br>5. The Intervertebral Disc-Normal, Aging, Pathologic (Chemical-Anatomic)<br>6. Biomechanics of the Spinal Motion Segment<br>7. Sciatica and Nerve Root Pain in Disc Herniation and Spinal Stenosis: A Basic Science Review and Clinical Perspective<br>8. Basic Concepts in Genetics and Interverteral Disc Degeneration and Scoliosis<br>9. Twin Studies Relevance to Genetic and Environmental Influences<br>10. Outcomes Research for Spinal Disorders<br>11. Finite Element Modeling: An Overview and Clinical Relevance<br><br>Section 2: Diagnosis<br>12. The Patient History and Physical Examination: Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar<br>13. Spine Imaging<br>14. The Electrodiagnostic Examination<br>15. Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring of the Spine<br>16. Targeting "Pain Generators"<br>17. Discography<br><br>Section 3: Surgical Anatomy and Approaches<br>18. Cervical Spine: Surgical Approaches<br>19. Thoracic Spine: Surgical Approaches<br>20. Posterior-Lateral Approaches<br>21. Lateral Approaches<br>22. Anatomy and Non-Operative Results, Pre-Operative Injections, Rx<br>23. SI Joint Surgery<br>24. Outcomes Perspectives<br><br>Section 4: Pediatrics<br>25. Back Pain in Children and Adolescents<br>26. Congenital Scoliosis<br>27. Idiopathic Scoliosis<br>28. Neuromuscular Scoliosis<br>29. Thoracoscopic Techniques<br>30. Pediatric Kyphosis: Scheurmann's Disease and Congenital Deformity<br>31. Spondyloysis and Spondylolisthesis<br>32. Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Spinal Trauma of the Immature Spine<br>33. The Immature Spine and Athletic Injuries<br>34. Congenital Anomalies of the Cervical Spine<br>35. Congenital Anomalies of the Spinal Cord<br><br>Section 5: Cervical Degenerative Disorders<br>36. Cervical Spinal Disorders Associated with Skeletal Dysplasias and Metabolic Diseases<br>37. Pathophysiology, Natural History and Clinical Syndromes of Cervical Disc<br>38. Medical Myelopathies<br>39. Nonoperative Management of Disc and Degenerative Disorders<br>40. Surgical Management of Axial Pain<br>41. Cervical Radioculopathy: Surgical Management<br>42. Management Cervical Myelopathy: Surgical Management<br>43. Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (OPLL)<br>44. Cervical Disc Replacement<br><br>Section 6: Thoracic and Lumbar Disc Disease<br>45. Thoracic Disc Disease: Clinical and Surgical Management<br>46. Lumbar Disc Disease: Overview of Clinical Problem<br>47. Lumbar Disc Herniations<br>48. Annulus Repair<br>49. Lumbar Disc Degeneration: Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion, Degeneration and Disc/Replacement<br>50. Lumbar Disc Degeneration: Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (Anterior)<br>51. Posterolateral & Lateral Corpectomies<br>52. Dynamic Stabilization: What's Current, What's the Potential<br><br>Section 7: Minimally Invasive Surgery<br>53. Rationale of MIS Surgery<br>54. Minimally Invasive (Posterior) Surgical Approaches to the Spine<br>55. MIS Posterior Lumbar Instrumentation<br>56. MIS Posterior Lumbar Fusion Techniques<br>57. Endoscopic Lumbar Surgery<br>58. Interspinous Spacers<br>59. MIS Cervical Surgery Techniques<br>60. Future Direction in MIS Spinal Surgery<br><br>Section 8: Spinal Stenosis <br>61. Spinal Stenosis: Pathophysiology, Clinical Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis<br>62. Nonoperative Management Of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis<br>63. Surgical Management of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis<br>64. Degenerative Spondyolisthesis<br><br>Section 9: Spinal Fusion and Instrumentation<br>65. Techniques and Complications of Bone Graft Harvesting<br>66. Principles of Bone Fusion<br>67. Bone Substitues: Basic Science and Clinical Application<br>68. Electrical Stimulation of Spinal Fusion<br>69. Cervical Instrumentation: Anterior and Posterior<br>70. Thoracic and Lumbar Instrumentation: Anterior and Posterior<br><br>Section 10: Adult Deformity<br>71. Isthmic Spondylolisthesis<br>72. Adult Scoliosis<br>73. Fixed Sagittal Imbalance<br><br>Section 11: Spine Trauma<br>74. Basic Science of Spinal Cord Injury<br>75. Injuries of the Upper Cervical Spine<br>76. Injuries of the Lower Cervical Spine<br>77. Thoracic and Lumbar Spinal Injuries<br>78. Sacral Fractures<br>79. Acute Treatment of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury<br>80. Vertebral Artery Injuries Associated with Cervical Spine Trauma<br>81. Spinal Orthoses for Traumatic and Degenerative Disease<br>82. Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation<br><br>Section 12 Afflictions of the Vertebrae<br>83. Arthritis Disorders<br>84. Surgical Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis<br>85. Ankylosing Spondylitis<br>86. Tumors of the Spine<br>87. Infections of the Spine<br>88. Metabolic Bone Disorders of the Spine<br>89. Osteoporosis: Surgical Strategies<br><br>Section 13: Spinal Cord<br>90. Intradural Tumors<br>91. Spinal Intradural Infections<br>92. Vascular Malformations of the Spinal Cord<br>93. Vascular Anatomy of the Spine, Imaging and Endovascular Treatment of Spinal Vascular Diseases<br>94. Syringomyelia<br><br>Section 14: Complications of Spinal Surgery<br>95. Intraoperative-Postoperative Nerve and Spinal Cord Injuries<br>96. Spinal Dural Injuries<br>97. Vascular Complications in Spinal Surgery<br>98. Instrumentation Complications<br>99. Postoperative Spinal Infections<br>100. Pseudarthrosis<br>101. Transitional<br>102. Failed Back Surgery Syndrome<br><br>Section 15: Failed Surgery<br>103. Revision Surgery<br>104. Failed Disc Replacement<br>105. Postoperative Cervical Deformity of the Spine<br>106. Arachnoidditis/Epidural Fibrosis<br><br>Section 16: Chronic Pain/Rehabilitation<br>107. Chronic Pain: The Basic Science<br>108. Psychologic Strategies for Chronic Pain<br>109. Pharmacologic Strategies in Back Pain and Radiculopathy<br>110. Physical Therapy: The Science<br>111. Functional Restoration<br>112. Surgical Procedures for the Control of Chronic Pain