PART I: POLITICS AND SOCIETY IN PRE-INVASION PANAMA, 1903-1989 Elites and the United States During the Early Period of Nation Building, 1903-1968 The National Guard, Elites and the United States, 1968-1981 Economic Crisis, Political Opposition, and the U. S. Military Invasion, 1981-1989 PART 2: POST-INVASION PANAMA: INSTITUTIONAL RECONVERSION AND DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL CULTURE, 1989-2009 Institutional Reconversion in Post-Invasion Panama Elections and Political Participation in Post-Invasion Panama Tolerance and Political System Support in Post-Invasion Panama Government Performance and Democratic Stability in Post-Invasion Panama Lessons from Panama: Can Democracy Endure in the Aftermath of a U.S. Military Intervention?