Longman Academic Writing Series

To the Teacher...................................................................................................................... xii Acknowledgments...............................................................................................................xiii Chapter Overview............................................................................................................... xiv PART I: WRITING A PARAGRAPH Chapter 1 Paragraph Structure.......................................................................2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................3 Analyzing the Model .....................................................................................................3 Noticing Vocabulary: Word Families ......................................................................4 Parts of a Paragraph .................................................................................................5 The Topic Sentence ......................................................................................................5 Supporting Sentences ...............................................................................................11 The Concluding Sentence .........................................................................................14 Applying Vocabulary: Using Word Families .............………………………………17 The Writing Process ................................................................................................17 Writing Assignment: A Paragraph about Communication ................................18 Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................20 Expansion ....................................................................................................................21 Timed Writing: A Paragraph about a Communications Medium .......................21 Writing on an Assigned Topic ....................................................................................21 Chapter 2 Unity and Coherence ...................................................................22 Introduction .................................................................................................................23 Analyzing the Model ...................................................................................................23 Noticing Vocabulary: Synonyms 1 .......................................................................24 Unity ...............................................................................................................................24 Coherence ...................................................................................................................26 Repetition of Key Nouns............................................................................................27 Consistent Pronouns..................................................................................................30 Transition Signals........................................................................................................31 Logical Order ...............................................................................................................40 Applying Vocabulary: Using Synonyms 1 ............................................................42 Writing Assignment: A Paragraph about Health and Medicine ........................42 Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................44 Expansion ....................................................................................................................45 Timed Writing: A Paragraph about a Medical Topic .............................................45 Responding to a Reading ..........................................................................................45 Chapter 3 Using Outside Sources...............................................................46 Introduction .................................................................................................................47 Analyzing the Model ................................................................................................47 Noticing Vocabulary: Synonyms 2 .......................................................................48 Using and Citing Sources ......................................................................................48 Plagiarism.....................................................................................................................48 Correct Citations.........................................................................................................49 Quotations ...................................................................................................................52 Reporting Verbs and Phrases ...................................................................................52 Punctuating Direct Quotations ..................................................................................53 Using Direct Quotations as Support ........................................................................55 Changing Direct Quotations to Indirect Quotations ..............................................56 Paraphrasing ..............................................................................................................58 Analyzing the Model ................................................................................................58 Plagiarism and Paraphrasing ....................................................................................60 Writing a Successful Paraphrase ..............................................................................61 Using Paraphrases as Support .................................................................................64 Summarizing ...............................................................................................................66 Analyzing the Model ................................................................................................66 Writing a Successful Summary .................................................................................67 Applying Vocabulary: Using Synonyms 2 ............................................................69 Writing Assignment: A Summary of an Article ....................................................70 Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................71 Expansion ....................................................................................................................72 Timed Writing: A Summary of a Reading ...............................................................72 Responding to a Reading ..........................................................................................72 PART II: WRITING AN ESSAY Chapter 4 From Paragraph to Essay.........................................................74 Introduction .................................................................................................................75 Analyzing the Model ................................................................................................75 Noticing Vocabulary: Nouns and Noun Suffixes ................................................77 Parts of an Essay ......................................................................................................78 The Introductory Paragraph ......................................................................................79 Body Paragraphs ........................................................................................................86 The Concluding Paragraph ........................................................................................87 Patterns of Organization .......................................................................................89 Organization and Thesis Statements .......................................................................89 Organization and Body Paragraphs .........................................................................90 Outlines of Essays ....................................................................................................96 Applying Vocabulary: Using Nouns and Noun Suffixes ....................................97 Writing Assignment: An Essay about Education ................................................98 Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................99 Expansion ..................................................................................................................100 Timed Writing: An Essay about Education ...........................................................100 Using Quotes and Paraphrases to Support Ideas ...............................................100 Chapter 5 Process Essays..............................................................................101 Introduction ...............................................................................................................102 Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................102 Noticing Vocabulary: Word Parts and Word Families ......................................105 Organization .............................................................................................................106 Thesis Statements for a Process Essay ................................................................106 Body Paragraphs in a Process Essay ....................................................................108 Transition Signals for Chronological Order ...........................................................109 Applying Vocabulary: Using Word Parts and Word Families ..........................111 Writing Assignment: A Process Essay about Earth Science ..........................112 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................114 Expansion ..................................................................................................................114 Timed Writing: A Process Essay ............................................................................114 Writing from a Diagram ............................................................................................115 Chapter 6 Cause / Effect Essays ...............................................................116 Introduction ...............................................................................................................117 Analyzing the Models ............................................................................................117 Noticing Vocabulary: Collocations 1 ..................................................................120 Organization .............................................................................................................121 Block Organization ...................................................................................................121 Chain Organization ...................................................................................................123 Transition Signals for Cause / Effect Relationships .............................................124 Applying Vocabulary: Using Collocations 1 ......................................................129 Writing Assignment: A Cause / Effect Essay about Psychology ...................130 Self Assessment ......................................................................................................131 Expansion ..................................................................................................................132 Timed Writing: A Cause / Effect Essay..................................................................132 Writing a Summary and Response.........................................................................132 Chapter 7 Comparison / Contrast Essays...........................................133 Introduction ...............................................................................................................134 Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................134 Noticing Vocabulary: Antonyms ..........................................................................136 Organization .............................................................................................................137 Points of Comparison ...............................................................................................137 Point-by-Point Organization ....................................................................................138 Block Organization ...................................................................................................138 Comparison and Contrast Signal Words ...............................................................140 Applying Vocabulary: Using Antonyms ..............................................................147 Writing Assignment: A Comparison / Contrast Essay about Culture ............147 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................150 Expansion ..................................................................................................................150 Timed Writing: An Essay about Child / Parent Relationships ...........................150 Writing a Summary and Response.........................................................................151 Chapter 8 Argumentative Essays ..............................................................152 Introduction ...............................................................................................................153 Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................153 Noticing Vocabulary: Collocations 2 ..................................................................155 Organization .............................................................................................................156 The Elements of an Argumentative Essay .............................................................156 The Introductory Paragraph ....................................................................................158 Statistics as Support .............................................................................................160 Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................160 Applying Vocabulary: Using Collocations 2 ......................................................165 Writing Assignment: An Argumentative Essay about Space Travel................166 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................167 Expansion ..................................................................................................................168 Timed Writing: An Essay about Technology ........................................................168 Rebutting an Argument ............................................................................................168 PART III: SENTENCE STRUCTURE Chapter 9 Types of Sentences.....................................................................170 Introduction ...............................................................................................................171 Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................171 Independent and Dependent Clauses ............................................................173 Independent Clauses ...............................................................................................173 Dependent Clauses ..................................................................................................173 Kinds of Sentences ................................................................................................174 Simple Sentences .....................................................................................................174 Compound Sentences .............................................................................................175 Complex Sentences .................................................................................................182 Compound-Complex Sentences ............................................................................184 Sentence Types and Writing Style ...................................................................185 Editing Practice .......................................................................................................187 Writing Practice .......................................................................................................187 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................188 Chapter 10 Parallelism and Sentence Problems............................189 Introduction ...............................................................................................................190 Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................190 Parallel Structure in Sentences ........................................................................191 Parallelism with Coordinators: And, Or, But ........................................................192 Parallelism with Correlative (Paired) Conjunctions ..............................................192 Sentence Problems ................................................................................................194 Sentence Fragments ................................................................................................194 Choppy Sentences ...................................................................................................196 Run-on Sentences and Comma Splices ...............................................................199 Stringy Sentences .....................................................................................................201 Editing Practice .......................................................................................................203 Writing Practice .......................................................................................................204 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................204 Chapter 11 Noun Clauses................................................................................205 Introduction ...............................................................................................................206 Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................207 That Clauses .............................................................................................................207 Sentences Beginning with It ....................................................................................208 Special Verb Tenses in That Clauses .....................................................................210 If / Whether Clauses ..............................................................................................214 Question Clauses ....................................................................................................216 Editing Practice .......................................................................................................218 Writing Practice .......................................................................................................219 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................220 Chapter 12 Adverb Clauses............................................................................221 Introduction ...............................................................................................................222 Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................222 Kinds of Adverb Clauses .....................................................................................223 Time Clauses .............................................................................................................224 Place Clauses ............................................................................................................225 Distance, Frequency, and Manner Clauses ..........................................................226 Reason Clauses ........................................................................................................228 Result Clauses ...........................................................................................................230 Purpose Clauses .......................................................................................................233 Contrast Clauses ......................................................................................................235 Conditional Clauses ..................................................................................................239 Editing Practice .......................................................................................................240 Writing Practice .......................................................................................................242 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................242 Chapter 13 Adjective Clauses......................................................................243 Introduction ...............................................................................................................244 Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................244 Relative Pronouns and Adverbs .......................................................................245 Position of Adjective Clauses .................................................................................245 Verb Agreement in Adjective Clauses ....................................................................246 Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses .....................................246 Punctuation of Adjective Clauses ...........................................................................246 Kinds of Adjective Clauses .................................................................................247 Relative Pronouns as Subjects ...............................................................................247 Relative Pronouns as Objects .................................................................................250 Possessive Adjective Clauses ................................................................................252 Relative Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions .....................................................255 Relative Pronouns in Phrases of Quantity and Quality ........................................257 Adjective Clauses of Time and Place ....................................................................259 Editing Practice .......................................................................................................262 Writing Practice .......................................................................................................263 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................263 Chapter 14 Participles and Participial Phrases...............................264 Introduction ...............................................................................................................265 Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................265 Kinds of Participles ................................................................................................266 Participle Forms.........................................................................................................266 Participial Phrases .................................................................................................267 Reduced Adjective Clauses ....................................................................................267 Position and Punctuation of Participial Phrases ..................................................267 Present Participial Phrases ......................................................................................268 Past Participial Phrases ...........................................................................................269 Perfect Form Participial Phrases ............................................................................271 Participial Phrases and Writing Style .....................................................................272 Reduced Adverb Clauses ........................................................................................274 Editing Practice .......................................................................................................277 Writing Practice .......................................................................................................278 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................278 APPENDICES Appendix A Chapter Readings ..............................................................................279 Appendix B Connecting Words and Transition Signals .....................................291 Appendix C Punctuation Rules ..............................................................................299 Appendix D Correction Symbols ...........................................................................309 Appendix E Research and Documentation of Sources ......................................312 Appendix F Peer Review / Writer’s Self-Check Worksheets .............................320 Index ....................................................................................................................................337 Credits .................................................................................................................................343