Introductory Chemistry

<h2>Table of Contents</h2> <div class="c-non-traditional-number-list_container"> <ol> <li>The Chemical World <ul> <li>1.1 Sand and Water</li> <li>1.2 Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things</li> <li>1.3 The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think</li> <li>1.4 Analyzing and Interpreting Data</li> <li>1.5 A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed</li> </ul></li> <li>Measurement and Problem Solving <ul> <li>2.1 The Metric Mix-up: A $125 Million Unit Error</li> <li>2.2 Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers</li> <li>2.3 Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision</li> <li>2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations</li> <li>2.5 The Basic Units of Measurement</li> <li>2.6 Problem Solving and Unit Conversion</li> <li>2.7 Solving Multistep Unit Conversion Problems</li> <li>2.8 Unit Conversion in Both the Numerator and Denominator</li> <li>2.9 Units Raised to a Power</li> <li>2.10 Density</li> <li>2.11 Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map</li> </ul></li> <li>Matter and Energy <ul> <li>3.1 In Your Room</li> <li>3.2 What Is Matter?</li> <li>3.3 Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas</li> <li>3.4 Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures</li> <li>3.5 Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties</li> <li>3.6 Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes</li> <li>3.7 Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter</li> <li>3.8 Energy</li> <li>3.9 Energy and Chemical and Physical Change</li> <li>3.10 Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms</li> <li>3.11 Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity</li> <li>3.12 Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations</li> </ul></li> <li>Atoms and Elements <ul> <li>4.1 Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon</li> <li>4.2 Indivisible: The Atomic Theory</li> <li>4.3 The Nuclear Atom</li> <li>4.4 The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons</li> <li>4.5 Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons</li> <li>4.6 Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table</li> <li>4.7 Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons</li> <li>4.8 Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies</li> <li>4.9 Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms</li> </ul></li> <li>Molecules and Compounds <ul> <li>5.1 Sugar and Salt</li> <li>5.2 Compounds Display Constant Composition</li> <li>5.3 Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds</li> <li>5.4 A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds</li> <li>5.5 Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds</li> <li>5.6 Nomenclature: Naming Compounds</li> <li>5.7 Naming Ionic Compounds</li> <li>5.8 Naming Molecular Compounds</li> <li>5.9 Naming Acids</li> <li>5.10 Nomenclature Summary</li> <li>5.11 Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit</li> </ul></li> <li>Chemical Composition <ul> <li>6.1 How Much Sodium?</li> <li>6.2 Counting Nails by the Pound</li> <li>6.3 Counting Atoms by the Gram</li> <li>6.4 Counting Molecules by the Gram</li> <li>6.5 Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors</li> <li>6.6 Mass Percent Composition of Compounds</li> <li>6.7 Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula</li> <li>6.8 Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds</li> <li>6.9 Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds</li> </ul></li> <li>Chemical Reactions <ul> <li>7.1 Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents</li> <li>7.2 Evidence of a Chemical Reaction</li> <li>7.3 The Chemical Equation</li> <li>7.4 How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations</li> <li>7.5 Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water</li> <li>7.6 Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid</li> <li>7.7 Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations</li> <li>7.8 Acid—Base and Gas Evolution Reactions</li> <li>7.9 Oxidation—Reduction Reactions</li> <li>7.10 Classifying Chemical Reactions</li> </ul></li> <li>Quantities in Chemical Reactions <ul> <li>8.1 Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide</li> <li>8.2 Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients</li> <li>8.3 Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions</li> <li>8.4 Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions</li> <li>8.5 More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield</li> <li>8.6 Limiting Reactant[JJ2] , Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants</li> <li>8.7 Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction</li> </ul></li> <li>Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table <ul> <li>9.1 Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom</li> <li>9.2 Light: Electromagnetic Radiation</li> <li>9.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum</li> <li>9.4 The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits</li> <li>9.5 The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals</li> <li>9.6 Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations</li> <li>9.7 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table</li> <li>9.8 The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model</li> <li>9.9 Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character</li> </ul></li> <li>Chemical Bonding <ul> <li>10.1 Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs</li> <li>10.2 Representing Valence Electrons with Dots</li> <li>10.3 Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred</li> <li>10.4 Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared</li> <li>10.5 Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds</li> <li>10.6 Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule</li> <li>10.7 Predicting the Shapes of Molecules</li> <li>10.8 Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don’t Mix</li> </ul></li> <li>Gases <ul> <li>11.1 Extra-Long Straws</li> <li>11.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases</li> <li>11.3 Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions</li> <li>11.4 Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume</li> <li>11.5 Charles’s Law: Volume and Temperature</li> <li>11.6 The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature</li> <li>11.7 Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Moles</li> <li>11.8 The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles</li> <li>11.9 Mixtures of Gases</li> <li>11.10 Gases in Chemical Reactions</li> </ul></li> <li>Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces <ul> <li>12.1 Spherical Water</li> <li>12.2 Properties of Liquids and Solids</li> <li>12.3 Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity</li> <li>12.4 Evaporation and Condensation</li> <li>12.5 Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation</li> <li>12.6 Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole—Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion—Dipole</li> <li>12.7 Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic</li> <li>12.8 Water: A Remarkable Molecule</li> </ul></li> <li>Solutions <ul> <li>13.1 Tragedy in Cameroon</li> <li>13.2 Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures</li> <li>13.3 Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy</li> <li>13.4 Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz</li> <li>13.5 Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent</li> <li>13.6 Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity</li> <li>13.7 Solution Dilution</li> <li>13.8 Solution Stoichiometry</li> <li>13.9 Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter</li> <li>13.10 Osmosis: Why Drinking Saltwater Causes Dehydration</li> </ul></li> <li>Acids and Bases <ul> <li>14.1 Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies</li> <li>14.2 Acids: Properties and Examples</li> <li>14.3 Bases: Properties and Examples</li> <li>14.4 Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases</li> <li>14.5 Reactions of Acids and Bases</li> <li>14.6 Acid—Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution</li> <li>14.7 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases</li> <li>14.8 Water: Acid and Base in One</li> <li>14.9 The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity </li> <li>14.10 Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change</li> </ul></li> <li>Chemical Equilibrium <ul> <li>15.1 Life: Controlled Disequilibrium</li> <li>15.2 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction</li> <li>15.3 The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium</li> <li>15.4 The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes</li> <li>15.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid</li> <li>15.6 Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants</li> <li>15.7 Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Châtelier’s Principle</li> <li>15.8 The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium</li> <li>15.9 The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium</li> <li>15.10 The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium</li> <li>15.11 The Solubility-Product Constant</li> <li>15.12 The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst</li> </ul></li> <li>Oxidation and Reduction <ul> <li>16.1 The End of the Internal Combustion Engine?</li> <li>16.2 Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions</li> <li>16.3 Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping</li> <li>16.4 Balancing Redox Equations</li> <li>16.5 The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions[JJ3] </li> <li>16.6 Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity</li> <li>16.7 Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry</li> <li>16.8 Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions</li> </ul></li> <li>Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry <ul> <li>17.1 Diagnosing Appendicitis</li> <li>17.2 The Discovery of Radioactivity</li> <li>17.3 Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay</li> <li>17.4 Detecting Radioactivity</li> <li>17.5 Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life</li> <li>17.6 Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts</li> <li>17.7 The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb</li> <li>17.8 Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity</li> <li>17.9 Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun</li> <li>17.10 The Effects of Radiation on Life</li> <li>17.11 Radioactivity in Medicine</li> </ul></li> <li>Organic Chemistry <ul> <li>18.1 What Do I Smell?</li> <li>18.2 Vitalism: The Difference between Organic and Inorganic</li> <li>18.3 Carbon: A Versatile Atom</li> <li>18.4 Hydrocarbons: Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrogen</li> <li>18.5 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons</li> <li>18.6 Isomers: Same Formula, Different Structure</li> <li>18.7 Naming Alkanes</li> <li>18.8 Alkenes and Alkynes</li> <li>18.9 Hydrocarbon Reactions</li> <li>18.10 Aromatic Hydrocarbons</li> <li>18.11 Functional Groups</li> <li>18.12 Alcohols</li> <li>18.13 Ethers</li> <li>18.14 Aldehydes and Ketones</li> <li>18.15 Carboxylic Acids and Esters</li> <li>18.16 Amines</li> <li>18.17 Polymers</li> </ul></li> <li>Biochemistry <ul> <li>19.1 The Human Genome Project</li> <li>19.2 The Cell and Its Main Chemical Components</li> <li>19.3 Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Fiber</li> <li>19.4 Lipids</li> <li>19.5 Proteins</li> <li>19.6 Protein Structure</li> <li>19.7 Nucleic Acids: Molecular Blueprints</li> <li>19.8 DNA Structure, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis</li> </ul></li> </ol> </div>