Mechanical Behavior of Materials

<div class="c-un-numbered-headers-and-contents-list__container"> <ol> <li><strong>Introduction</strong> <ul> <li>1.1 Introduction</li> <li>1.2 Types of Material Failure</li> <li>1.3 Design and Materials Selection</li> <li>1.4 Technological Challenge</li> <li>1.5 Economic Importance of Fracture</li> <li>1.6 Summary</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Structure, Defects, and Deformation in Materials</strong> <ul> <li>2.1 Introduction</li> <li>2.2 Bonding in Solids</li> <li>2.3 Structure in Crystalline Materials</li> <li>2.4 Defects in Materials</li> <li>2.5 Elastic Deformation and Theoretical Strength</li> <li>2.6 Inelastic Deformation</li> <li>2.7 Summary</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Mechanical Testing: Tension Test and Stress–Strain Mechanisms</strong> <ul> <li>3.1 Introduction</li> <li>3.2 Introduction to Tension Test</li> <li>3.3 Engineering Stress–Strain Properties</li> <li>3.4 Materials Science Description of Tensile Behavior</li> <li>3.5 Trends in Tensile Behavior</li> <li>3.6 True Stress–Strain Interpretation of Tension Test</li> <li>3.7 Materials Selection for Engineering Components</li> <li>3.8 Summary</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Mechanical Testing: Additional Basic Tests</strong> <ul> <li>4.1 Introduction</li> <li>4.2 Compression Test</li> <li>4.3 Hardness Tests</li> <li>4.4 Notch-Impact Tests</li> <li>4.5 Bending and Torsion Tests</li> <li>4.6 Summary</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Stress–Strain Relationships and Behavior</strong> <ul> <li>5.1 Introduction</li> <li>5.2 Models for Deformation Behavior</li> <li>5.3 Elastic Deformation</li> <li>5.4 Anisotropic Materials</li> <li>5.5 Summary</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Review of Complex and Principal States of Stress and Strain</strong> <ul> <li>6.1 Introduction</li> <li>6.2 Plane Stress</li> <li>6.3 Principal Stresses and the Maximum Shear Stress</li> <li>6.4 Three-Dimensional States of Stress</li> <li>6.5 Stresses on the Octahedral Planes</li> <li>6.6 Complex States of Strain</li> <li>6.7 Summary</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Yielding and Fracture under Combined Stresses</strong> <ul> <li>7.1 Introduction</li> <li>7.2 General Form of Failure Criteria</li> <li>7.3 Maximum Normal Stress Fracture Criterion</li> <li>7.4 Maximum Shear Stress Yield Criterion</li> <li>7.5 Octahedral Shear Stress Yield Criterion</li> <li>7.6 Discussion of the Basic Failure Criteria</li> <li>7.7 Coulomb–Mohr Fracture Criterion</li> <li>7.8 Modified Mohr Fracture Criterion</li> <li>7.9 Additional Comments on Failure Criteria</li> <li>7.10 Summary</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Fracture of Cracked Members</strong> <ul> <li>8.1 Introduction</li> <li>8.2 Preliminary Discussion</li> <li>8.3 Mathematical Concepts</li> <li>8.4 Application of K to Design and Analysis</li> <li>8.5 Additional Topics on Application of K</li> <li>8.6 Fracture Toughness Values and Trends</li> <li>8.7 Plastic Zone Size, and Plasticity Limitations on LEFM</li> <li>8.8 Discussion of Fracture Toughness Testing</li> <li>8.9 Extensions of Fracture Mechanics Beyond Linear Elasticity</li> <li>8.10 Summary</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Fatigue of Materials: Introduction and Stress-Based Approach</strong> <ul> <li>9.1 Introduction</li> <li>9.2 Definitions and Concepts</li> <li>9.3 Sources of Cyclic Loading</li> <li>9.4 Fatigue Testing</li> <li>9.5 The Physical Nature of Fatigue Damage</li> <li>9.6 Trends in S-N Curves</li> <li>9.7 Mean Stresses</li> <li>9.8 Multiaxial Stresses</li> <li>9.9 Variable Amplitude Loading</li> <li>9.10 Summary</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Stress-Based Approach to Fatigue: Notched Members</strong> <ul> <li>10.1 Introduction</li> <li>10.2 Notch Effects</li> <li>10.3 Notch Sensitivity and Empirical Estimates of kf</li> <li>10.4 Estimating Long-Life Fatigue Strengths (Fatigue Limits)</li> <li>10.5 Notch Effects at Intermediate and Short Lives</li> <li>10.6 Combined Effects of Notches and Mean Stress</li> <li>10.7 Estimating S-N Curves</li> <li>10.8 Use of Component S-N Data</li> <li>10.9 Designing to Avoid Fatigue Failure</li> <li>10.10 Discussion</li> <li>10.11 Summary</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Fatigue Crack Growth</strong> <ul> <li>11.1 Introduction</li> <li>11.2 Preliminary Discussion</li> <li>11.3 Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Testing</li> <li>11.4 Effects of R = Smin/Smax on Fatigue Crack Growth</li> <li>11.5 Trends in Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior</li> <li>11.6 Life Estimates for Constant Amplitude Loading</li> <li>11.7 Life Estimates for Variable Amplitude Loading</li> <li>11.8 Design Considerations</li> <li>11.9 Plasticity Aspects and Limitations of LEFM for Fatigue Crack Growth</li> <li>11.10 Summary</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Environmentally Assisted Cracking</strong> <ul> <li>12.1 Introduction</li> <li>12.2 Definitions, Concepts, and Analysis</li> <li>12.3 EAC in Metals: Basic Mechanisms</li> <li>12.4 Hydrogen-Induced Embrittlement</li> <li>12.5 Liquid Metal Embrittlement</li> <li>12.6 EAC of Polymers</li> <li>12.7 EAC of Glasses and Ceramics</li> <li>12.8 Additional Comments and Preventative Measures</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Plastic Deformation Behavior and Models for Materials</strong> <ul> <li>13.1 Introduction</li> <li>13.2 Stress–Strain Curves</li> <li>13.3 Three-Dimensional Stress–Strain Relationships</li> <li>13.4 Unloading and Cyclic Loading Behavior from Rheological Models</li> <li>13.5 Cyclic Stress–Strain Behavior of Real Materials</li> <li>13.6 Summary</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Stress–Strain Analysis of Plastically Deforming Members</strong> <ul> <li>14.1 Introduction</li> <li>14.2 Plasticity in Bending</li> <li>14.3 Residual Stresses and Strains for Bending</li> <li>14.4 Plasticity of Circular Shafts in Torsion</li> <li>14.5 Notched Members</li> <li>14.6 Cyclic Loading</li> <li>14.7 Summary</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Strain-Based Approach to Fatigue</strong> <ul> <li>15.1 Introduction</li> <li>15.2 Strain Versus Life Curves</li> <li>15.3 Mean Stress Effects</li> <li>15.4 Multiaxial Stress Effects</li> <li>15.5 Life Estimates for Structural Components</li> <li>15.6 Additional Discussion</li> <li>15.7 Summary</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Time-Dependent Behavior: Creep and Damping</strong> <ul> <li>16.1 Introduction</li> <li>16.2 Creep Testing</li> <li>16.3 Physical Mechanisms of Creep</li> <li>16.4 Time–Temperature Parameters and Life Estimates</li> <li>16.5 Creep Failure under Varying Stress</li> <li>16.6 Stress–Strain–Time Relationships</li> <li>16.7 Creep Deformation under Varying Stress</li> <li>16.8 Creep Deformation under Multiaxial Stress</li> <li>16.9 Component Stress–Strain Analysis</li> <li>16.10 Energy Dissipation (Damping) in Materials</li> <li>16.11 Summary</li> </ul> <ul> <li>References</li> <li>Problems and Questions</li> </ul></li> </ol> <h3>Appendix A Review of Selected Topics from Mechanics of Materials</h3> <ul> <li>A.1 Introduction</li> <li>A.2 Basic Formulas for Stresses and Deflections</li> <li>A.3 Properties of Areas</li> <li>A.4 Shears, Moments, and Deflections in Beams</li> <li>A.5 Stresses in Pressure Vessels, Tubes, and Discs</li> <li>A.6 Elastic Stress Concentration Factors for Notches</li> <li>A.7 Fully Plastic Yielding Loads</li> <li>References</li> </ul> <h3>Appendix B Statistical Variation in Materials Properties</h3> <ul> <li>B.1 Introduction</li> <li>B.2 Mean and Standard Deviation</li> <li>B.3 Normal or Gaussian Distribution</li> <li>B.4 Typical Variation in Materials Properties</li> <li>B.5 One-Sided Tolerance Limits</li> <li>B.6 Discussion</li> <li>References</li> </ul> <h3>Appendix C A Survey of Engineering Materials</h3> <ul> <li>C.1 Introduction</li> <li>C.2 Alloying and Processing of Metals</li> <li>C.3 Irons and Steels</li> <li>C.4 Nonferrous Metals</li> <li>C.5 Polymers</li> <li>C.6 Ceramics and Glasses</li> <li>C.7 Composite Materials</li> <li>C.8 Summary</li> </ul> </div>