Advances in Sustainable Polymer Composites

<p>1 Importance of sustainable polymers for modern society and</p> <p>development 1</p> <p>Rezaur Rahman, Nur-Azzah Afifah Binti Taib,</p> <p>Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri and Siti Noor Linda bt Taib</p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Current application of polymers 2</p> <p>1.3 Waste production from the applications of polymers 13</p> <p>1.4 Environmental effects of nonbiodegradable polymers 16</p> <p>1.5 Current application of biodegradable polymers 18</p> <p>1.6 Environmental effects of biodegradable polymers 25</p> <p>1.7 Sustainability of polymers 26</p> <p>1.8 Conclusion 29</p> <p>References 31</p> <p>2 Physical and chemical properties of sustainable polymers and</p> <p>their blends 37</p> <p>Md. Saiful Islam and Md. Moynul Islam</p> <p>2.1 Introduction 37</p> <p>2.2 Properties, modification techniques, and the application of</p> <p>PLA and chitosan 38</p> <p>2.3 Modifications process of PLA 39</p> <p>2.4 Various blending 42</p> <p>2.5 The effect of nanoparticles on blending composites 48</p> <p>2.6 Conclusion 52</p> <p>Acknowledgment 53</p> <p>References 53</p> <p>3 Sustainable reinforcers for polymer composites 59</p> <p>Md. Saiful Islam and Md. Moynul Islam</p> <p>3.1 Introduction 59</p> <p>3.2 Natural fibers 61</p> <p>3.3 Properties of natural fibers 71</p> <p>3.4 Properties of natural fiber composites 71</p> <p>3.5 Fiber processing 71</p> <p>3.6 Chemical treatments 73</p> <p>3.7 Effect of chemical treatments on natural fibers 76</p> <p>3.8 Scanning electron microscopy 77</p> <p>3.9 Tensile properties 78</p> <p>3.10 Flexural properties 79</p> <p>3.11 Impact properties 80</p> <p>3.12 Applications 80</p> <p>3.13 Future market trends 82</p> <p>3.14 Summary 82</p> <p>Acknowledgment 82</p> <p>References 83</p> <p>4 Sustainable resin systems for polymer composites 89</p> <p>Faisal I. Chowdhury</p> <p>4.1 Introduction 89</p> <p>4.2 Hybrid resin composites 90</p> <p>4.3 Flowable (low-viscosity) composite resin 91</p> <p>4.4 Nanocomposite resins 93</p> <p>4.5 Carbon nanocomposite resins 93</p> <p>4.6 Metal oxide nanocomposite resins 96</p> <p>4.7 Natural fiber<REINFORCED P 99< resins composite> <p>4.8 Self-healing composite resins 99</p> <p>4.9 Antimicrobial composite resins 102</p> <p>4.10 3D printable antimicrobial composite resins 103</p> <p>4.11 Stimuli-responsive composite resins 103</p> <p>References 105</p> <p>5 Use of sustainable polymers to make green composites 109</p> <p>Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri, Md Rezaur Rahman,</p> <p>Perry Law Nyuk Khui, Elammaran Jayamani and Afrasyab Khan</p> <p>5.1 Introduction of polymers 109</p> <p>5.2 Types of polymers 110</p> <p>5.3 Characterization and testing method based on standards 114</p> <p>5.4 Composites manufacturing process 123</p> <p>5.5 Summary 124</p> <p>References 124</p> <p>6 Electrical properties in reinforced polymer composites 131</p> <p>Perry Law Nyuk Khui, Md. Rezaur Rahman, Elammaran Jayamani,</p> <p>Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri and Afrasyab Khan</p> <p>6.1 Introduction 131</p> <p>6.2 Utilization of fillers in polymer composites (electrical conductivity) 132</p> <p>6.3 Hybrid fillers in polymer composites (electrical conductivity) 132</p> <p>6.4 Dielectrical properties of polymer composites 133</p> <p>6.5 Resistivity of polymer composites 135</p> <p>6.6 Applications of polymer composites in electrical and electronic</p> <p>industry 136</p> <p>6.7 Summary 137</p> <p>References 138</p> <p>7 Rheological behavior and transport of molten polymers and</p> <p>gas<NON-NEWTONIAN P 141< fluids> <p>Khairuddin Sanaullah and Afrasyab Khan</p> <p>7.1 Introduction 141</p> <p>7.2 Flow properties of polymer liquids 142</p> <p>7.3 Transport equations of molten polymer flows 149</p> <p>7.4 Multiphase flows 156</p> <p>Appendix A Derivation of Hagen<POISEUILLE P pipe< laminar for equation> <p>flow 174</p> <p>Appendix B One-dimensional momentum equation for gas Newtonian</p> <p>liquid two-phase flow for separated flow regime 176</p> <p>References 179</p> <p>8 Applications of sustainable polymer composites in automobile and</p> <p>aerospace industry 185</p> <p>Adamu Muhammad, Md Rezaur Rahman, Rubiyah bt Hj Baini and</p> <p>Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri</p> <p>8.1 Introduction 185</p> <p>8.2 Automobile industry 187</p> <p>8.3 Aerospace industry 195</p> <p>8.4 Challenges of implementing sustainable polymer composites for</p> <p>automobiles and aircrafts 200</p> <p>8.5 Conclusion 201</p> <p>References 201</p> <p>9 Hybrid sustainable polymer composites 209</p> <p>Sweety Shahinur and Mahbub Hasan</p> <p>9.1 Introduction 209</p> <p>9.2 Hybrid composite 211</p> <p>9.3 Sustainability of polymer composite 216</p> <p>9.4 Case study 224</p> <p>9.5 Summary and concluding remarks 224</p> <p>References 226</p> <p>10 Nano-reinforcement in sustainable polymer composites 231</p> <p>Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri, Md. Rezaur Rahman,</p> <p>Siti Noor Linda Taib, Perry Law Nyuk Khui, Akshay Kakar and</p> <p>Elammaran Jayamani</p> <p>10.1 Introduction 231</p> <p>10.2 Types of nonrenewable nano-reinforcements 232</p> <p>10.3 Types of renewable nano-reinforcements 237</p> <p>10.4 Applications of nano-reinforced polymer composites 238</p> <p>10.5 Summary 239</p> <p>References 239</p> <p>11 Life cycle assessment of sustainable composites 245</p> <p>Elammaran Jayamani, Tee Jun Jie and Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri</p> <p>11.1 Composite materials 245</p> <p>11.2 Characteristic of composite material 245</p> <p>11.3 Characteristic of composite material 245</p> <p>11.4 Importance of composite material in aerospace industry 246</p> <p>11.5 Current application of synthetic fiber polymer composite in</p> <p>aerospace industry 247</p> <p>11.6 Current application of natural fiber polymer composites in</p> <p>aerospace industry 248</p> <p>11.7 Life cycle assessment 249</p> <p>11.8 Application of life cycle assessment in aviation industry 252</p> <p>11.9 Methodology 252</p> <p>11.10 Result and discussion 256</p> <p>11.11 Conclusion 263</p> <p>References 264</p> <p>12 Recycling of sustainable polymers and composites 267</p> <p>Perry Law Nyuk Khui, Md. Rezaur Rahman, Elammaran Jayamani and</p> <p>Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri</p> <p>12.1 Introduction 267</p> <p>12.2 Sustainable polymers 268</p> <p>12.3 Recycling thermoplastic polymers and composites 269</p> <p>12.4 Recycling thermoset polymers and composites 270</p> <p>12.5 Primary recycling 271</p> <p>12.6 Mechanical recycling 272</p> <p>12.7 Chemical recycling 272</p> <p>12.8 Challenges of recycling polymers and composites 275</p> <p>12.9 Summary 277</p> <p>References 277</p> <p>Index 283</p>