Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering

<p>1. Introduction to wastewater microbiology: special emphasis on hospital wastewater </p> <p>1.1 Introduction</p> <p>1.2 History of wastewater origin and treatment </p> <p>1.3 History of microbiology and pathogens discovery </p> <p>1.4 Antibiotic discovery</p> <p>1.5 Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater </p> <p>1.6 Presence of pharmacological substances in aquatic environment </p> <p>1.7 Conclusion and future perspectives </p> <p>Abbreviations </p> <p>References </p> <p>2. Pharmaceutical metabolites and their by-products in hospital wastewater </p> <p>2.1 Introduction </p> <p>2.2 Pharmaceutical metabolites and their classification </p> <p>2.3 Route of entry and fate of pharmaceutical compounds </p> <p>2.4 Metabolism and transformation mechanism of pharmaceutical compounds </p> <p>2.5 Ecotoxicity of pharmaceutical compounds </p> <p>2.6 Detection of pharmaceutical compounds </p> <p>2.7 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>Abbreviations </p> <p>References </p> <p>3. Physical, chemical, and biological impact (hazard) of hospital wastewater on environment: presence of pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and antibiotic-resistance genes </p> <p>3.1 Introduction </p> <p>3.2 Pharmaceuticals and pathogens in hospital wastewater </p> <p>3.3 The development of antibiotic resistance genes </p> <p>3.4 The transportation of pharmaceuticals and pathogens in the environment </p> <p>3.5 The prevention of pharmaceuticals and pathogens into environment </p> <p>3.6 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>References </p> <p>4. Microbiology of hospital wastewater </p> <p>4.1 Introduction </p> <p>4.2 Microorganisms and pathogens originating from hospital wastewater </p> <p>4.3 Antibiotic-resistance genes prevalence in environment </p> <p>4.4 Tools used to identify antibiotic-resistance genes </p> <p>4.5 Metagenomics of hospital wastewater </p> <p>4.6 Horizontal gene transfer </p> <p>4.7 Emerging infectious particles </p> <p>4.8 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>Abbreviations </p> <p>5. Fate of pathogens and viruses in hospital wastewater and their treatment methods </p> <p>5.1 Introduction </p> <p>5.2 Pathogen surveillance and detection in hospital wastewater </p> <p>5.3 Types of pathogens present in hospital wastewater </p> <p>5.4 Treatment methods available for pathogens present in hospital wastewater </p> <p>5.5 Treated water monitoring and analysis </p> <p>5.6 Summary </p> <p>5.7 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>Abbreviations </p> <p>References </p> <p>6. Multidrug-resistant genes and pathogenic bacteria in hospital wastewater </p> <p>6.1 Introduction </p> <p>6.2 Origin and mechanism of drug resistance </p> <p>6.3 Antifungal drug resistance </p> <p>6.4 Antibiotic-resistance bacteria </p> <p>6.5 Antibiotic-resistance genes </p> <p>6.6 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>Abbreviations </p> <p>References </p> <p>7. Cancer treatment drugs and endocrine-disrupting chemicals release and fate in hospital wastewater </p> <p>7.1 Introduction </p> <p>7.2 List of chemicals released in the hospital wastewater</p> <p>7.3 Endocrine-disrupting chemicals </p> <p>7.4 Challenges in hospital wastewater treatment </p> <p>7.5 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>Abbreviations </p> <p>References </p> <p>8. Pharmaceuticals roles in microbial evolution </p> <p>8.1 Introduction </p> <p>8.2 Microbial evolution and adaptation </p> <p>8.3 Aquatic environment microbiology </p> <p>8.4 Soil microbiology </p> <p>8.5 Effect on plants, animals, and humans in long run </p> <p>8.6 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>Abbreviations </p> <p>References </p> <p>9. Present scenario of antibiotic use in veterinary practice: importance of wastewater microbiology </p> <p>9.1 Introduction </p> <p>9.2 Antibiotic released in veterinary applications </p> <p>9.3 Microbial association with animals </p> <p>9.4 Dissemination of animal pathogens to environment </p> <p>9.5 Animal viruses in wastewater </p> <p>9.6 Recent studies on wastewater associated with animals </p> <p>9.7 Molecular detection of veterinary pathogens </p> <p>9.8 Policy interventions in animal health </p> <p>9.9 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>Abbreviations </p> <p>References </p> <p>10. Bacteriophages isolated from hospital wastewater and its role in controlling drug-resistant pathogens </p> <p>10.1 Introduction </p> <p>10.2 Background of bacteriophages (Φ) </p> <p>10.3 Classification of bacteriophages </p> <p>10.4 Phages commonly found in hospital wastewater </p> <p>10.5 Role of phages in drug-resistance gene transfer </p> <p>10.6 General (vast) applications of bacteriophages in different fields </p> <p>10.7 Limitations of phage use in real world applications </p> <p>10.8 Removal of phages from wastewater treatment plant </p> <p>10.9 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>Abbreviations </p> <p>References </p> <p>11. Development of molecular methods to detect and control emerging drug-resistance pathogens </p> <p>11.1 Introduction </p> <p>11.2 Antibiotic-resistance gene-carrying plasmidome in the cultivable microbial community </p> <p>11.3 Molecular tools/biosensors development for detection</p> <p>of drug-resistance bacteria and genes </p> <p>11.4 Recent approaches to control drug resistance development </p> <p>11.5 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>Abbreviations </p> <p>References </p> <p>12. Riboswitches and aptamers: potential future targets</p> <p>to control drug-resistant bacteria </p> <p>12.1 Introduction </p> <p>12.2 History of riboswitches and aptamers </p> <p>12.3 Role of riboswitches </p> <p>12.4 Applications of aptamers </p> <p>12.5 Engineering bacteria using riboswitches and aptamers </p> <p>12.6 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>Abbreviations </p> <p>References </p> <p>13. Treatment of wastewater containing pharmaceuticals: biological treatment </p> <p>13.1 Introduction </p> <p>13.2 Activated sludge process </p> <p>13.3 Sequential batch reactor </p> <p>13.4 Membrane bioreactor </p> <p>13.5 Fluidized bed biofilm reactor and moving bed biofilm</p> <p>reactor </p> <p>13.6 The impact of property of pharmaceuticals on the removal </p> <p>13.7 Novel methods and advanced treatment options </p> <p>13.8 Engineering aspects to improve pharmaceuticals removal with biological process of wastewater treatment </p> <p>13.9 Technical and economical evaluation of biological processes </p> <p>13.10 Treatment systems for small flows </p> <p>13.11 Effect of climate change on the microbiology of the biological treatment process in removing the pharmaceuticals</p> <p>13.12 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>Abbreviations </p> <p>References </p> <p>Further reading </p> <p>14. Role of chemical treatments in pharmaceuticals degradation and its consequences and environmental risks </p> <p>14.1 Introduction </p> <p>14.2 Photocatalysis </p> <p>14.3 Fenton-type processes </p> <p>14.4 The electrochemical advance oxidation process </p> <p>14.5 Treatment of pharmaceutical pollutants by combined wastewater treatment processes </p> <p>14.6 By-products identification </p> <p>14.7 Technoeconomic comparison for various hospital wastewater treatment processes </p> <p>14.8 Challenges in the treatment process </p> <p>14.9 Conclusion and perspectives </p> <p>References </p> <p>Further reading </p> <p>15. Hospital wastewater treatment scenario around the globe </p> <p>15.1 Introduction </p> <p>15.2 Global scenario of hospital wastewater treatment </p> <p>15.3 Status of hospital wastewater management in developed countries</p> <p>15.4 Status of hospital wastewater management in developing countries </p> <p>15.5 Other countries </p> <p>15.6 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>Abbreviations </p> <p>References </p> <p>16. Guidelines for hospital wastewater discharge </p> <p>16.1 Introduction </p> <p>16.2 Guideline of hospital wastewater discharge to municipal sewer </p> <p>16.3 On-site treatment of hospital wastewater </p> <p>16.4 Worker’s health and safety principles </p> <p>16.5 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>Abbreviations </p> <p>References </p> <p>17. Future impacts and trends in treatment of hospital wastewater </p> <p>17.1 Introduction </p> <p>17.2 Emerging infectious diseases </p> <p>17.3 Threats </p> <p>17.4 Required research action and proposed remedies </p> <p>17.5 Effect of global warming on pathogens survival </p> <p>17.6 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>Abbreviations </p> <p>References</p>